Variations of radon and airborne particulate matter near three large phosphogypsum stacks in Florida
Approximately 1 billion tons of phosphogypsum (PG), a by-product of the fertilizer industry, are currently stacked in Florida. PG emits radon gas, which is a risk factor for lung cancer and can also increase particulate matter (PM) associated non-cancer mortality in exposed individuals. We measured...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Environmental monitoring and assessment 2021-05, Vol.193 (5), p.284, Article 284 |
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| description | Approximately 1 billion tons of phosphogypsum (PG), a by-product of the fertilizer industry, are currently stacked in Florida. PG emits radon gas, which is a risk factor for lung cancer and can also increase particulate matter (PM) associated non-cancer mortality in exposed individuals. We measured concentrations of atmospheric radon and particulate matter near PG stacks and their short-term variations at different distances to estimate exposures in nearby communities. Specifically, we measured atmospheric levels of radon, and mass concentrations of PM
1
, PM
2.5
, and PM
10
, and number concentrations of PM
0.3
, PM
0.5
, PM
1,
PM
2.5
, PM
5
, and PM
10
near three large PG stacks in Florida. Atmospheric radon was collected at distances of 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 miles downwind from three large PG stacks using charcoal-based kits and measured by liquid scintillation counting. A professional radon monitor was used to take 24-h-average radon reading at 5.0 miles from each stack for comparison purposes. The median (IQR) radon levels were 0.325 (0.150, 0.675), 0.150 (0.150, 0.650), and 0.500 (0.150, 0.700) pCi/L at 2.5, 5, and 7.5 miles, respectively. The median (IQR) PM
2.5
levels were 5 (4, 6), 5 (3, 7), and 5 (2, 9) µg/m
3
at 2.5, 5, and 7.5 miles, respectively. Non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test could not detect any association between radon or PM levels and distances (2.5–7 miles) from PG stacks. With scintillation counting, median radon levels detected were above the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recommended standard in some of the sites; however, much higher levels were detected through the more advanced digital monitor. PM
2.5
levels were below the US-EPA 24-h average national ambient air quality standard in the study area. We conclude that ambient radon levels near PG stacks could exceed US EPA recommended outdoor standards and do not vary within a short distance from the sources, implying similar exposures in nearby communities. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s10661-021-09054-6 |
| format | Article |
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1
, PM
2.5
, and PM
10
, and number concentrations of PM
0.3
, PM
0.5
, PM
1,
PM
2.5
, PM
5
, and PM
10
near three large PG stacks in Florida. Atmospheric radon was collected at distances of 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 miles downwind from three large PG stacks using charcoal-based kits and measured by liquid scintillation counting. A professional radon monitor was used to take 24-h-average radon reading at 5.0 miles from each stack for comparison purposes. The median (IQR) radon levels were 0.325 (0.150, 0.675), 0.150 (0.150, 0.650), and 0.500 (0.150, 0.700) pCi/L at 2.5, 5, and 7.5 miles, respectively. The median (IQR) PM
2.5
levels were 5 (4, 6), 5 (3, 7), and 5 (2, 9) µg/m
3
at 2.5, 5, and 7.5 miles, respectively. Non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test could not detect any association between radon or PM levels and distances (2.5–7 miles) from PG stacks. With scintillation counting, median radon levels detected were above the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recommended standard in some of the sites; however, much higher levels were detected through the more advanced digital monitor. PM
2.5
levels were below the US-EPA 24-h average national ambient air quality standard in the study area. We conclude that ambient radon levels near PG stacks could exceed US EPA recommended outdoor standards and do not vary within a short distance from the sources, implying similar exposures in nearby communities.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0167-6369</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1573-2959</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09054-6</identifier><identifier>PMID: 33876293</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Cham: Springer International Publishing</publisher><subject>Aerosols ; Air Pollutants - analysis ; Air pollution ; Air Pollution - analysis ; Air quality ; Air quality standards ; Airborne particulates ; Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution ; Calcium Sulfate ; Cancer ; Charcoal ; Councils ; Earth and Environmental Science ; Ecology ; Ecotoxicology ; Environment ; Environmental Exposure - analysis ; Environmental Management ; Environmental Monitoring ; Environmental protection ; Environmental science ; Exposure ; Fertilizers ; Florida ; Gases ; Humans ; Indoor air quality ; Lung cancer ; Lung diseases ; Mining ; Monitoring/Environmental Analysis ; Mortality ; Outdoor air quality ; Particulate emissions ; Particulate matter ; Particulate Matter - analysis ; Particulate matter monitoring ; Phosphogypsum ; Phosphorus ; Radiation ; Radon ; Radon - analysis ; Radon content ; Radon levels ; Risk analysis ; Risk factors ; Scintillation ; Scintillation counters ; Stacks ; Suspended particulate matter</subject><ispartof>Environmental monitoring and assessment, 2021-05, Vol.193 (5), p.284, Article 284</ispartof><rights>The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021</rights><rights>The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c375t-2901faf32e75d8c6db02be3a2389af904fbb4e9562fe0a97564f3faa37d184423</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c375t-2901faf32e75d8c6db02be3a2389af904fbb4e9562fe0a97564f3faa37d184423</cites><orcidid>0000-0001-8835-1654</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10661-021-09054-6$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10661-021-09054-6$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,27901,27902,41464,42533,51294</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33876293$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Adeoye, Caleb</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gupta, Jayanta</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Demers, Nora</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Adhikari, Atin</creatorcontrib><title>Variations of radon and airborne particulate matter near three large phosphogypsum stacks in Florida</title><title>Environmental monitoring and assessment</title><addtitle>Environ Monit Assess</addtitle><addtitle>Environ Monit Assess</addtitle><description>Approximately 1 billion tons of phosphogypsum (PG), a by-product of the fertilizer industry, are currently stacked in Florida. PG emits radon gas, which is a risk factor for lung cancer and can also increase particulate matter (PM) associated non-cancer mortality in exposed individuals. We measured concentrations of atmospheric radon and particulate matter near PG stacks and their short-term variations at different distances to estimate exposures in nearby communities. Specifically, we measured atmospheric levels of radon, and mass concentrations of PM
1
, PM
2.5
, and PM
10
, and number concentrations of PM
0.3
, PM
0.5
, PM
1,
PM
2.5
, PM
5
, and PM
10
near three large PG stacks in Florida. Atmospheric radon was collected at distances of 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 miles downwind from three large PG stacks using charcoal-based kits and measured by liquid scintillation counting. A professional radon monitor was used to take 24-h-average radon reading at 5.0 miles from each stack for comparison purposes. The median (IQR) radon levels were 0.325 (0.150, 0.675), 0.150 (0.150, 0.650), and 0.500 (0.150, 0.700) pCi/L at 2.5, 5, and 7.5 miles, respectively. The median (IQR) PM
2.5
levels were 5 (4, 6), 5 (3, 7), and 5 (2, 9) µg/m
3
at 2.5, 5, and 7.5 miles, respectively. Non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test could not detect any association between radon or PM levels and distances (2.5–7 miles) from PG stacks. With scintillation counting, median radon levels detected were above the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recommended standard in some of the sites; however, much higher levels were detected through the more advanced digital monitor. PM
2.5
levels were below the US-EPA 24-h average national ambient air quality standard in the study area. We conclude that ambient radon levels near PG stacks could exceed US EPA recommended outdoor standards and do not vary within a short distance from the sources, implying similar exposures in nearby communities.</description><subject>Aerosols</subject><subject>Air Pollutants - analysis</subject><subject>Air pollution</subject><subject>Air Pollution - analysis</subject><subject>Air quality</subject><subject>Air quality standards</subject><subject>Airborne particulates</subject><subject>Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution</subject><subject>Calcium Sulfate</subject><subject>Cancer</subject><subject>Charcoal</subject><subject>Councils</subject><subject>Earth and Environmental Science</subject><subject>Ecology</subject><subject>Ecotoxicology</subject><subject>Environment</subject><subject>Environmental Exposure - analysis</subject><subject>Environmental Management</subject><subject>Environmental Monitoring</subject><subject>Environmental protection</subject><subject>Environmental science</subject><subject>Exposure</subject><subject>Fertilizers</subject><subject>Florida</subject><subject>Gases</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Indoor air quality</subject><subject>Lung cancer</subject><subject>Lung diseases</subject><subject>Mining</subject><subject>Monitoring/Environmental Analysis</subject><subject>Mortality</subject><subject>Outdoor air quality</subject><subject>Particulate emissions</subject><subject>Particulate matter</subject><subject>Particulate Matter - analysis</subject><subject>Particulate matter monitoring</subject><subject>Phosphogypsum</subject><subject>Phosphorus</subject><subject>Radiation</subject><subject>Radon</subject><subject>Radon - analysis</subject><subject>Radon content</subject><subject>Radon levels</subject><subject>Risk analysis</subject><subject>Risk factors</subject><subject>Scintillation</subject><subject>Scintillation counters</subject><subject>Stacks</subject><subject>Suspended particulate matter</subject><issn>0167-6369</issn><issn>1573-2959</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kD1PwzAQhi0EouXjDzAgS8wBfyR2PKKKAhISC7Bal8QuKW1czs7Qf4-hfGwMpxvuufdODyFnnF1yxvRV5EwpXjCRy7CqLNQemfJKy0KYyuyTKeNKF0oqMyFHMS4ZY0aX5pBMpKy1EkZOSfcC2EPqwxBp8BShCwOFoaPQYxNwcHQDmPp2XEFydA0pOaSDA6TpFZ2jK8BFZl5DzLXYbuK4pjFB-xZpP9D5KmDfwQk58LCK7vS7H5Pn-c3T7K54eLy9n10_FK3UVcpfM-7BS-F01dWt6homGidByNqAN6z0TVM6UynhHQOjK1V66QGk7nhdlkIek4td7gbD--hisssw4pBPWlHxstZccZ0psaNaDDGi83aD_Rpwazmzn2LtTqzNYu2XWKvy0vl39NisXfe78mMyA3IHxDwaFg7_bv8T-wFGN4TB</recordid><startdate>20210501</startdate><enddate>20210501</enddate><creator>Adeoye, Caleb</creator><creator>Gupta, Jayanta</creator><creator>Demers, Nora</creator><creator>Adhikari, Atin</creator><general>Springer International Publishing</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QH</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7ST</scope><scope>7T7</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>7TN</scope><scope>7U7</scope><scope>7UA</scope><scope>7WY</scope><scope>7WZ</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>87Z</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>88I</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>8FL</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BEZIV</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>F1W</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FRNLG</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>F~G</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H97</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K60</scope><scope>K6~</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>L.-</scope><scope>L.G</scope><scope>M0C</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M2P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PHGZM</scope><scope>PHGZT</scope><scope>PJZUB</scope><scope>PKEHL</scope><scope>PPXIY</scope><scope>PQBIZ</scope><scope>PQBZA</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>SOI</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8835-1654</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20210501</creationdate><title>Variations of radon and airborne particulate matter near three large phosphogypsum stacks in Florida</title><author>Adeoye, Caleb ; Gupta, Jayanta ; Demers, Nora ; Adhikari, Atin</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c375t-2901faf32e75d8c6db02be3a2389af904fbb4e9562fe0a97564f3faa37d184423</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>Aerosols</topic><topic>Air Pollutants - analysis</topic><topic>Air pollution</topic><topic>Air Pollution - analysis</topic><topic>Air quality</topic><topic>Air quality standards</topic><topic>Airborne particulates</topic><topic>Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution</topic><topic>Calcium Sulfate</topic><topic>Cancer</topic><topic>Charcoal</topic><topic>Councils</topic><topic>Earth and Environmental Science</topic><topic>Ecology</topic><topic>Ecotoxicology</topic><topic>Environment</topic><topic>Environmental Exposure - analysis</topic><topic>Environmental Management</topic><topic>Environmental Monitoring</topic><topic>Environmental protection</topic><topic>Environmental science</topic><topic>Exposure</topic><topic>Fertilizers</topic><topic>Florida</topic><topic>Gases</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Indoor air quality</topic><topic>Lung cancer</topic><topic>Lung diseases</topic><topic>Mining</topic><topic>Monitoring/Environmental Analysis</topic><topic>Mortality</topic><topic>Outdoor air quality</topic><topic>Particulate emissions</topic><topic>Particulate matter</topic><topic>Particulate Matter - analysis</topic><topic>Particulate matter monitoring</topic><topic>Phosphogypsum</topic><topic>Phosphorus</topic><topic>Radiation</topic><topic>Radon</topic><topic>Radon - analysis</topic><topic>Radon content</topic><topic>Radon levels</topic><topic>Risk analysis</topic><topic>Risk factors</topic><topic>Scintillation</topic><topic>Scintillation counters</topic><topic>Stacks</topic><topic>Suspended particulate matter</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Adeoye, Caleb</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gupta, Jayanta</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Demers, Nora</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Adhikari, Atin</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Aqualine</collection><collection>Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)</collection><collection>Ecology Abstracts</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Industrial and Applied Microbiology Abstracts (Microbiology A)</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts</collection><collection>Oceanic Abstracts</collection><collection>Toxicology Abstracts</collection><collection>Water Resources Abstracts</collection><collection>ABI/INFORM Collection</collection><collection>ABI/INFORM Global (PDF only)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ABI/INFORM Global (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Science Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>Public Health Database</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ABI/INFORM Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Sustainability</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Business Premium Collection</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Business Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>ABI/INFORM Global (Corporate)</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 3: Aquatic Pollution & Environmental Quality</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Business Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Business Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts - 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PG emits radon gas, which is a risk factor for lung cancer and can also increase particulate matter (PM) associated non-cancer mortality in exposed individuals. We measured concentrations of atmospheric radon and particulate matter near PG stacks and their short-term variations at different distances to estimate exposures in nearby communities. Specifically, we measured atmospheric levels of radon, and mass concentrations of PM
1
, PM
2.5
, and PM
10
, and number concentrations of PM
0.3
, PM
0.5
, PM
1,
PM
2.5
, PM
5
, and PM
10
near three large PG stacks in Florida. Atmospheric radon was collected at distances of 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 miles downwind from three large PG stacks using charcoal-based kits and measured by liquid scintillation counting. A professional radon monitor was used to take 24-h-average radon reading at 5.0 miles from each stack for comparison purposes. The median (IQR) radon levels were 0.325 (0.150, 0.675), 0.150 (0.150, 0.650), and 0.500 (0.150, 0.700) pCi/L at 2.5, 5, and 7.5 miles, respectively. The median (IQR) PM
2.5
levels were 5 (4, 6), 5 (3, 7), and 5 (2, 9) µg/m
3
at 2.5, 5, and 7.5 miles, respectively. Non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test could not detect any association between radon or PM levels and distances (2.5–7 miles) from PG stacks. With scintillation counting, median radon levels detected were above the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recommended standard in some of the sites; however, much higher levels were detected through the more advanced digital monitor. PM
2.5
levels were below the US-EPA 24-h average national ambient air quality standard in the study area. We conclude that ambient radon levels near PG stacks could exceed US EPA recommended outdoor standards and do not vary within a short distance from the sources, implying similar exposures in nearby communities.</abstract><cop>Cham</cop><pub>Springer International Publishing</pub><pmid>33876293</pmid><doi>10.1007/s10661-021-09054-6</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8835-1654</orcidid></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 0167-6369 |
| ispartof | Environmental monitoring and assessment, 2021-05, Vol.193 (5), p.284, Article 284 |
| issn | 0167-6369 1573-2959 |
| language | eng |
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| source | MEDLINE; SpringerLink Journals |
| subjects | Aerosols Air Pollutants - analysis Air pollution Air Pollution - analysis Air quality Air quality standards Airborne particulates Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution Calcium Sulfate Cancer Charcoal Councils Earth and Environmental Science Ecology Ecotoxicology Environment Environmental Exposure - analysis Environmental Management Environmental Monitoring Environmental protection Environmental science Exposure Fertilizers Florida Gases Humans Indoor air quality Lung cancer Lung diseases Mining Monitoring/Environmental Analysis Mortality Outdoor air quality Particulate emissions Particulate matter Particulate Matter - analysis Particulate matter monitoring Phosphogypsum Phosphorus Radiation Radon Radon - analysis Radon content Radon levels Risk analysis Risk factors Scintillation Scintillation counters Stacks Suspended particulate matter |
| title | Variations of radon and airborne particulate matter near three large phosphogypsum stacks in Florida |
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