Sensitivity of MCS Low-Frequency Gravity Waves to Microphysical Variations

The sensitivity of low-frequency gravity waves generated during the development and mature stages of an MCS to variations in the characteristics of the rimed ice parameterization were tested through idealized numerical simulations over a range of environment shears and instabilities. Latent cooling in the simulations with less dense, graupel-like rimed ice was more concentrated aloft near the melting level, while cooling in simulations with denser, hail-like rimed ice extended from the melting level to the surface. However, the cooling profiles still had significant internal variability across different environments and over each simulation’s duration. Initial wave production during the MCS developing stage was fairly similar in the hail and graupel simulations. During the mature stages, graupel simulations showed stronger perturbations in CAPE due to the cooling and associated wave vertical motion being farther aloft; hail simulations showed stronger perturbations in LFC due to cooling and wave vertical motion being concentrated at lower levels. The differences in the cooling profiles were not uniform enough to produce consistently different higher-order wave modes. However, the initiation of discrete cells ahead of the convective line was found to be highly sensitive to the nature of the prior destabilizing wave. Individual events of discrete propagation were suppressed in some of the graupel simulations due to the higher location of both peak cooling and vertical wave motion. Such results underscore the need to fully characterize MCS microphysical heating profiles and their low-frequency gravity waves to understand their structure and development.