Groundwater quality evolution based on geochemical modeling and aptness testing for ingestion using entropy water quality and total hazard indexes in an urban-industrial area (Tiruppur) of Southern India
This study used geochemical modeling to understand the chemical evolution of groundwater, entropy water quality index to assess the aptness of groundwater for human consumption, and total hazard index to determine the possible non-carcinogenic risks among children, women, and men in an urban-industr...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Environmental science and pollution research international 2021-04, Vol.28 (15), p.18523-18538 |
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| creator | Karunanidhi, D. Aravinthasamy, P. Deepali, M. Subramani, T. Bellows, Barbara C. Li, Peiyue |
| description | This study used geochemical modeling to understand the chemical evolution of groundwater, entropy water quality index to assess the aptness of groundwater for human consumption, and total hazard index to determine the possible non-carcinogenic risks among children, women, and men in an urban-industrial area (Tiruppur region) of southern India. For the above purposes, 40 groundwater samples were collected from tube and dug wells, and they were tested for various physicochemical parameters. Fluoride and nitrate levels ranged from 0.10 to 2.70 mg/l and 10 to 290 mg/l, respectively. Nearly, 50% of the fluoride samples and 58% of the nitrate samples exceeded the WHO limits of 1.5 and 45 mg/l, respectively. The majority of the groundwater samples (22.5%) represented Ca
2+
-Na
+
-Cl
−
water type while the remaining samples exhibited mixed water types. Approximately, 85% of the samples indicated high levels of salinization since they had Revelle index > 0.5 meq/l. The saturation index (SI) revealed that mineral weathering; dissolution of halite, gypsum, and anhydrite; and precipitation of calcite and dolomite contributed to groundwater chemistry. Based on the entropy water quality index (EWQI), none of the groundwater samples was characterized as excellent or good water quality while 57.5% of the samples had medium water quality, and 32.5% and 10% of the samples exhibited poor and extremely poor water qualities, respectively. The last two categories are designated as unfit for consumption. The cumulative health risk (nitrate and fluoride together) ranged from 0.97 to 11.16 for children, 0.60 to 10.54 for women, and 0.39 to 6.92 for men. These values represent health risks among 88%, 80%, and 73% of the groundwater samples for children, women, and men, respectively. Therefore, proper measures should to be done to reduce the health risks associated with high nitrate and fluoride in the groundwater of the study area, which is used for drinking purposes. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s11356-020-10724-0 |
| format | Article |
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2+
-Na
+
-Cl
−
water type while the remaining samples exhibited mixed water types. Approximately, 85% of the samples indicated high levels of salinization since they had Revelle index > 0.5 meq/l. The saturation index (SI) revealed that mineral weathering; dissolution of halite, gypsum, and anhydrite; and precipitation of calcite and dolomite contributed to groundwater chemistry. Based on the entropy water quality index (EWQI), none of the groundwater samples was characterized as excellent or good water quality while 57.5% of the samples had medium water quality, and 32.5% and 10% of the samples exhibited poor and extremely poor water qualities, respectively. The last two categories are designated as unfit for consumption. The cumulative health risk (nitrate and fluoride together) ranged from 0.97 to 11.16 for children, 0.60 to 10.54 for women, and 0.39 to 6.92 for men. These values represent health risks among 88%, 80%, and 73% of the groundwater samples for children, women, and men, respectively. Therefore, proper measures should to be done to reduce the health risks associated with high nitrate and fluoride in the groundwater of the study area, which is used for drinking purposes.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0944-1344</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1614-7499</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10724-0</identifier><identifier>PMID: 32939651</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg</publisher><subject>Aquatic Pollution ; Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution ; Calcite ; Calcium ; Calcium ions ; Carcinogens ; Chemical evolution ; Child ; Children ; Consumption ; Dolomite ; Dug wells ; Earth and Environmental Science ; Eating ; Ecotoxicology ; Entropy ; Environment ; Environmental Chemistry ; Environmental Health ; Environmental Monitoring ; Environmental science ; Female ; Fluorides ; Geochemistry ; Groundwater ; Groundwater chemistry ; Groundwater quality ; Gypsum ; Health risk assessment ; Health risks ; Humans ; India ; Industrial areas ; Ingestion ; Male ; Modelling ; Nitrates ; Physicochemical properties ; Quality assessment ; Recent Environmental Geochemical Trends ; Salinization ; Saturation index ; Urban areas ; Waste Water Technology ; Water analysis ; Water Management ; Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis ; Water Pollution Control ; Water Quality ; Water sampling</subject><ispartof>Environmental science and pollution research international, 2021-04, Vol.28 (15), p.18523-18538</ispartof><rights>Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020</rights><rights>Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c433t-69ece864ad00782f646249ee45536673b2f2cfe2fdc2149d0e8c88278f4bb8933</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c433t-69ece864ad00782f646249ee45536673b2f2cfe2fdc2149d0e8c88278f4bb8933</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-4722-9043</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11356-020-10724-0$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11356-020-10724-0$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925,41488,42557,51319</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32939651$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Karunanidhi, D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Aravinthasamy, P.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Deepali, M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Subramani, T.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bellows, Barbara C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, Peiyue</creatorcontrib><title>Groundwater quality evolution based on geochemical modeling and aptness testing for ingestion using entropy water quality and total hazard indexes in an urban-industrial area (Tiruppur) of Southern India</title><title>Environmental science and pollution research international</title><addtitle>Environ Sci Pollut Res</addtitle><addtitle>Environ Sci Pollut Res Int</addtitle><description>This study used geochemical modeling to understand the chemical evolution of groundwater, entropy water quality index to assess the aptness of groundwater for human consumption, and total hazard index to determine the possible non-carcinogenic risks among children, women, and men in an urban-industrial area (Tiruppur region) of southern India. For the above purposes, 40 groundwater samples were collected from tube and dug wells, and they were tested for various physicochemical parameters. Fluoride and nitrate levels ranged from 0.10 to 2.70 mg/l and 10 to 290 mg/l, respectively. Nearly, 50% of the fluoride samples and 58% of the nitrate samples exceeded the WHO limits of 1.5 and 45 mg/l, respectively. The majority of the groundwater samples (22.5%) represented Ca
2+
-Na
+
-Cl
−
water type while the remaining samples exhibited mixed water types. Approximately, 85% of the samples indicated high levels of salinization since they had Revelle index > 0.5 meq/l. The saturation index (SI) revealed that mineral weathering; dissolution of halite, gypsum, and anhydrite; and precipitation of calcite and dolomite contributed to groundwater chemistry. Based on the entropy water quality index (EWQI), none of the groundwater samples was characterized as excellent or good water quality while 57.5% of the samples had medium water quality, and 32.5% and 10% of the samples exhibited poor and extremely poor water qualities, respectively. The last two categories are designated as unfit for consumption. The cumulative health risk (nitrate and fluoride together) ranged from 0.97 to 11.16 for children, 0.60 to 10.54 for women, and 0.39 to 6.92 for men. These values represent health risks among 88%, 80%, and 73% of the groundwater samples for children, women, and men, respectively. Therefore, proper measures should to be done to reduce the health risks associated with high nitrate and fluoride in the groundwater of the study area, which is used for drinking purposes.</description><subject>Aquatic Pollution</subject><subject>Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution</subject><subject>Calcite</subject><subject>Calcium</subject><subject>Calcium ions</subject><subject>Carcinogens</subject><subject>Chemical evolution</subject><subject>Child</subject><subject>Children</subject><subject>Consumption</subject><subject>Dolomite</subject><subject>Dug wells</subject><subject>Earth and Environmental Science</subject><subject>Eating</subject><subject>Ecotoxicology</subject><subject>Entropy</subject><subject>Environment</subject><subject>Environmental Chemistry</subject><subject>Environmental Health</subject><subject>Environmental Monitoring</subject><subject>Environmental science</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Fluorides</subject><subject>Geochemistry</subject><subject>Groundwater</subject><subject>Groundwater chemistry</subject><subject>Groundwater quality</subject><subject>Gypsum</subject><subject>Health risk assessment</subject><subject>Health risks</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>India</subject><subject>Industrial areas</subject><subject>Ingestion</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Modelling</subject><subject>Nitrates</subject><subject>Physicochemical properties</subject><subject>Quality assessment</subject><subject>Recent Environmental Geochemical Trends</subject><subject>Salinization</subject><subject>Saturation index</subject><subject>Urban areas</subject><subject>Waste Water Technology</subject><subject>Water analysis</subject><subject>Water Management</subject><subject>Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis</subject><subject>Water Pollution Control</subject><subject>Water Quality</subject><subject>Water 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quality evolution based on geochemical modeling and aptness testing for ingestion using entropy water quality and total hazard indexes in an urban-industrial area (Tiruppur) of Southern India</title><author>Karunanidhi, D. ; Aravinthasamy, P. ; Deepali, M. ; Subramani, T. ; Bellows, Barbara C. ; Li, Peiyue</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c433t-69ece864ad00782f646249ee45536673b2f2cfe2fdc2149d0e8c88278f4bb8933</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>Aquatic Pollution</topic><topic>Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution</topic><topic>Calcite</topic><topic>Calcium</topic><topic>Calcium ions</topic><topic>Carcinogens</topic><topic>Chemical evolution</topic><topic>Child</topic><topic>Children</topic><topic>Consumption</topic><topic>Dolomite</topic><topic>Dug wells</topic><topic>Earth and Environmental 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evolution of groundwater, entropy water quality index to assess the aptness of groundwater for human consumption, and total hazard index to determine the possible non-carcinogenic risks among children, women, and men in an urban-industrial area (Tiruppur region) of southern India. For the above purposes, 40 groundwater samples were collected from tube and dug wells, and they were tested for various physicochemical parameters. Fluoride and nitrate levels ranged from 0.10 to 2.70 mg/l and 10 to 290 mg/l, respectively. Nearly, 50% of the fluoride samples and 58% of the nitrate samples exceeded the WHO limits of 1.5 and 45 mg/l, respectively. The majority of the groundwater samples (22.5%) represented Ca
2+
-Na
+
-Cl
−
water type while the remaining samples exhibited mixed water types. Approximately, 85% of the samples indicated high levels of salinization since they had Revelle index > 0.5 meq/l. The saturation index (SI) revealed that mineral weathering; dissolution of halite, gypsum, and anhydrite; and precipitation of calcite and dolomite contributed to groundwater chemistry. Based on the entropy water quality index (EWQI), none of the groundwater samples was characterized as excellent or good water quality while 57.5% of the samples had medium water quality, and 32.5% and 10% of the samples exhibited poor and extremely poor water qualities, respectively. The last two categories are designated as unfit for consumption. The cumulative health risk (nitrate and fluoride together) ranged from 0.97 to 11.16 for children, 0.60 to 10.54 for women, and 0.39 to 6.92 for men. These values represent health risks among 88%, 80%, and 73% of the groundwater samples for children, women, and men, respectively. Therefore, proper measures should to be done to reduce the health risks associated with high nitrate and fluoride in the groundwater of the study area, which is used for drinking purposes.</abstract><cop>Berlin/Heidelberg</cop><pub>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</pub><pmid>32939651</pmid><doi>10.1007/s11356-020-10724-0</doi><tpages>16</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4722-9043</orcidid></addata></record> |
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| source | MEDLINE; SpringerNature Journals |
| subjects | Aquatic Pollution Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution Calcite Calcium Calcium ions Carcinogens Chemical evolution Child Children Consumption Dolomite Dug wells Earth and Environmental Science Eating Ecotoxicology Entropy Environment Environmental Chemistry Environmental Health Environmental Monitoring Environmental science Female Fluorides Geochemistry Groundwater Groundwater chemistry Groundwater quality Gypsum Health risk assessment Health risks Humans India Industrial areas Ingestion Male Modelling Nitrates Physicochemical properties Quality assessment Recent Environmental Geochemical Trends Salinization Saturation index Urban areas Waste Water Technology Water analysis Water Management Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis Water Pollution Control Water Quality Water sampling |
| title | Groundwater quality evolution based on geochemical modeling and aptness testing for ingestion using entropy water quality and total hazard indexes in an urban-industrial area (Tiruppur) of Southern India |
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