Ducting and Biases of GPS Radio Occultation Bending Angle and Refractivity in the Moist Lower Troposphere

Radio occultation (RO) can provide high-vertical-resolution thermodynamic soundings of the planetary boundary layer (PBL). However, sharp moisture gradients and strong temperature inversion lead to large gradients in refractivity N and often cause ducting. Ducting results in systematically negative...

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