Hydrogenotrophic Denitrification of Groundwater Using a Simplified Reactor for Drinking Water: A Case Study in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal
High nitrate-nitrogen (NO3−–N) content is a typical feature of groundwater, which is the primary water source in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. Considering the Kathmandu Valley’s current problem of water scarcity, a user-friendly system for removing NO3−–N from groundwater is promptly desired. In this...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Water (Basel) 2021-02, Vol.13 (4), p.444 |
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| creator | Shinoda, Kenta Maharjan, Amit Kumar Maharjan, Rabin Singhopon, Tippawan Rujakom, Suphatchai Tsutsumi, Yuya Shakya, Bijay Man Kamei, Tatsuru Eamrat, Rawintra Kazama, Futaba |
| description | High nitrate-nitrogen (NO3−–N) content is a typical feature of groundwater, which is the primary water source in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. Considering the Kathmandu Valley’s current problem of water scarcity, a user-friendly system for removing NO3−–N from groundwater is promptly desired. In this study, a simplified hydrogenotrophic denitrification (HD) reactor was developed for the Kathmandu Valley, and its effectiveness was evaluated by its ability to treat raw groundwater. The reactor operated for 157 days and showed stability and robustness. It had an average nitrogen removal efficiency of 80.9 ± 16.1%, and its nitrogen loading rate and nitrogen removal rate varied from 23.8 to 92.3 g–N/(m3∙d) and from 18.3 to 73.7 g–N/(m3∙d), respectively. Compared to previous HD reactors, this simplified HD reactor is a more user-friendly option for the Kathmandu Valley, as most of the materials used for the reactor were locally available and require less maintenance. The reactor is recommended for groundwater treatment at the household level. It has a current treatment capacity of 40 L/d, which can fulfill the daily requirements for drinking and cooking water in a household with 4–5 people. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.3390/w13040444 |
| format | Article |
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Considering the Kathmandu Valley’s current problem of water scarcity, a user-friendly system for removing NO3−–N from groundwater is promptly desired. In this study, a simplified hydrogenotrophic denitrification (HD) reactor was developed for the Kathmandu Valley, and its effectiveness was evaluated by its ability to treat raw groundwater. The reactor operated for 157 days and showed stability and robustness. It had an average nitrogen removal efficiency of 80.9 ± 16.1%, and its nitrogen loading rate and nitrogen removal rate varied from 23.8 to 92.3 g–N/(m3∙d) and from 18.3 to 73.7 g–N/(m3∙d), respectively. Compared to previous HD reactors, this simplified HD reactor is a more user-friendly option for the Kathmandu Valley, as most of the materials used for the reactor were locally available and require less maintenance. The reactor is recommended for groundwater treatment at the household level. It has a current treatment capacity of 40 L/d, which can fulfill the daily requirements for drinking and cooking water in a household with 4–5 people.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2073-4441</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2073-4441</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/w13040444</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Basel: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Carbon ; Case studies ; Cooking ; Costs ; Denitrification ; Developing countries ; Drinking water ; Groundwater ; Groundwater treatment ; Households ; Laboratories ; LDCs ; Load distribution ; Loading rate ; Membrane reactors ; Nitrates ; Nitrogen ; Nitrogen removal ; Onsite ; Reactors ; Sedimentation & deposition ; Stomach cancer ; Water scarcity ; Water shortages ; Water supply ; Water treatment ; Water, Underground</subject><ispartof>Water (Basel), 2021-02, Vol.13 (4), p.444</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2021 MDPI AG</rights><rights>2021. This work is licensed under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ (the “License”). 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| ispartof | Water (Basel), 2021-02, Vol.13 (4), p.444 |
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| source | MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute; EZB Electronic Journals Library |
| subjects | Carbon Case studies Cooking Costs Denitrification Developing countries Drinking water Groundwater Groundwater treatment Households Laboratories LDCs Load distribution Loading rate Membrane reactors Nitrates Nitrogen Nitrogen removal Onsite Reactors Sedimentation & deposition Stomach cancer Water scarcity Water shortages Water supply Water treatment Water, Underground |
| title | Hydrogenotrophic Denitrification of Groundwater Using a Simplified Reactor for Drinking Water: A Case Study in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal |
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