Assessment of hydrogeochemical characteristics and quality of groundwater resources in relation to risk of gastric cancer: comparative analysis of high- and low-risk areas in Iran
The chemical quality of groundwater supplies in two high-risk area (HRA) and low-risk area (LRA) for gastric cancer in Iran was assessed through hydrogeochemical analysis and water quality indices. For this aim, Piper and Schoeller diagrams and water quality index (WQI) were applied. In addition, ex...
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| creator | Ghaffari, Hamid Reza Yunesian, Masud Nabizadeh, Ramin Nasseri, Simin Pourfarzi, Farhad Poustchi, Hossein Sadjadi, Alireza Eshraghian, Ahad |
| description | The chemical quality of groundwater supplies in two high-risk area (HRA) and low-risk area (LRA) for gastric cancer in Iran was assessed through hydrogeochemical analysis and water quality indices. For this aim, Piper and Schoeller diagrams and water quality index (WQI) were applied. In addition, exposure to nitrate via drinking water and its corresponding risk were also assessed using Monte Carlo simulation technique. Data on physicochemical properties of groundwater resources were obtained from Iran Water Resources Management Company. Sampling and analysis of tap water for nitrate concentration were conducted in two cities of Shiraz (as a representative of LRA) and Ardabil (as a representative of HRA). According to Piper diagrams, the dominant hydrogeochemical facies of groundwater supplies in HRA and LRA were Na–HCO
3
(43.75%) and Ca–HCO
3
(41.77%), respectively. The predominant cations in groundwater resources of HRA were found to be Na
+
(68.06%) and Ca
2+
(31.94%). For LRA, the typical cations were in decreasing trend: Ca
2+
(39.64%) > Mg
2+
(18.35%) > Na
+
(17.26%). For two areas, HCO
3
−
, SO
4
2−
and Cl
−
were, respectively, the most frequent anions. Two-sample Wilcoxon test showed that there were statistically significant difference between two areas in terms of anions and cations concentrations (
p
value |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s10653-020-00562-x |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_journals_2484160815</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>2484160815</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c375t-60ecf1b0be5536e8e205e696d1d46c6c2dad3005030a856890772285258811623</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp9kc2OFCEURonROO3oC7gwJK7RCxQU7W4y8WeSSdzoukJTt7sZq4oeLuVMP5cvKFM96s4VIZzvcOFj7LWEdxKgfU8SrNECFAgAY5W4f8JW0rRaqLXTT9kKlF2LBhp1xl4Q3QDAum3cc3amVWOcsm7Ffl0QIdGIU-Fpy_fHPqcdprDHMQY_8LD32YeCOVKJgbifen47-yGW4wO_y2me-jtfAZ6R0pwDEo9T3Qy-xDTxknjN_lhgTyXHwIOfAuYPPKTxUO0l_sTq9cORIi1DxN1eLDcN6U4saZ_RL96r7KeX7NnWD4SvHtdz9v3Tx2-XX8T1189XlxfXIujWFGEBw1ZuYIPGaIsOFRi0a9vLvrHBBtX7XtePAw3eGevW0LZKOaOMc1Japc_Z25P3kNPtjFS6m_rAOih1qnGNtOCkqZQ6USEnoozb7pDj6POxk9A99NSdeupqT93SU3dfQ28e1fNmxP5v5E8xFdAngOrRtMP87-7_aH8DN5yhWw</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2484160815</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Assessment of hydrogeochemical characteristics and quality of groundwater resources in relation to risk of gastric cancer: comparative analysis of high- and low-risk areas in Iran</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>SpringerLink Journals - AutoHoldings</source><creator>Ghaffari, Hamid Reza ; Yunesian, Masud ; Nabizadeh, Ramin ; Nasseri, Simin ; Pourfarzi, Farhad ; Poustchi, Hossein ; Sadjadi, Alireza ; Eshraghian, Ahad</creator><creatorcontrib>Ghaffari, Hamid Reza ; Yunesian, Masud ; Nabizadeh, Ramin ; Nasseri, Simin ; Pourfarzi, Farhad ; Poustchi, Hossein ; Sadjadi, Alireza ; Eshraghian, Ahad</creatorcontrib><description>The chemical quality of groundwater supplies in two high-risk area (HRA) and low-risk area (LRA) for gastric cancer in Iran was assessed through hydrogeochemical analysis and water quality indices. For this aim, Piper and Schoeller diagrams and water quality index (WQI) were applied. In addition, exposure to nitrate via drinking water and its corresponding risk were also assessed using Monte Carlo simulation technique. Data on physicochemical properties of groundwater resources were obtained from Iran Water Resources Management Company. Sampling and analysis of tap water for nitrate concentration were conducted in two cities of Shiraz (as a representative of LRA) and Ardabil (as a representative of HRA). According to Piper diagrams, the dominant hydrogeochemical facies of groundwater supplies in HRA and LRA were Na–HCO
3
(43.75%) and Ca–HCO
3
(41.77%), respectively. The predominant cations in groundwater resources of HRA were found to be Na
+
(68.06%) and Ca
2+
(31.94%). For LRA, the typical cations were in decreasing trend: Ca
2+
(39.64%) > Mg
2+
(18.35%) > Na
+
(17.26%). For two areas, HCO
3
−
, SO
4
2−
and Cl
−
were, respectively, the most frequent anions. Two-sample Wilcoxon test showed that there were statistically significant difference between two areas in terms of anions and cations concentrations (
p
value < 0.05). The mean of total hardness (Ca
2+
+ Mg
2+
) concentration of water supplies in LRA (528.1 mg/L) was higher than HRA (263.1 mg/L), whereas the mean of Na
+
concentration was found to be lower in LRA (90.6 mg/L) compared with HRA (108.1 mg/L). The sum of nitrate intake and its risk in LRA was higher than HRA. WQI results showed that drinking water quality in HRA and LRA ranged from excellent to poor and most water resources were of a good quality class. Further studies are suggested to investigate the role of drinking water in the etiology of gastric cancer in Iran.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0269-4042</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1573-2983</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00562-x</identifier><identifier>PMID: 32458268</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands</publisher><subject>Aetiology ; Anions ; Anions - analysis ; Calcium ; Calcium ions ; Cancer ; Cations ; Cations - analysis ; Comparative analysis ; Dietary Exposure - analysis ; Drinking water ; Drinking Water - chemistry ; Drinking Water - standards ; Earth and Environmental Science ; Environment ; Environmental Chemistry ; Environmental Health ; Environmental Monitoring ; Etiology ; Gastric cancer ; Geochemistry ; Groundwater ; Groundwater - chemistry ; Groundwater - standards ; Groundwater quality ; Humans ; Hydrogeochemistry ; Iran - epidemiology ; Magnesium ; Monte Carlo simulation ; Nitrates ; Nitrates - analysis ; Original Paper ; Physicochemical processes ; Physicochemical properties ; Public Health ; Risk Assessment ; Sodium ; Soil Science & Conservation ; Statistical analysis ; Statistical methods ; Stomach Neoplasms - chemically induced ; Stomach Neoplasms - epidemiology ; Terrestrial Pollution ; Water hardness ; Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis ; Water quality ; Water resources ; Water resources management ; Water supply</subject><ispartof>Environmental geochemistry and health, 2021, Vol.43 (1), p.1-21</ispartof><rights>Springer Nature B.V. 2020</rights><rights>Springer Nature B.V. 2020.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c375t-60ecf1b0be5536e8e205e696d1d46c6c2dad3005030a856890772285258811623</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c375t-60ecf1b0be5536e8e205e696d1d46c6c2dad3005030a856890772285258811623</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10653-020-00562-x$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10653-020-00562-x$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925,41488,42557,51319</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32458268$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Ghaffari, Hamid Reza</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yunesian, Masud</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nabizadeh, Ramin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nasseri, Simin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pourfarzi, Farhad</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Poustchi, Hossein</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sadjadi, Alireza</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Eshraghian, Ahad</creatorcontrib><title>Assessment of hydrogeochemical characteristics and quality of groundwater resources in relation to risk of gastric cancer: comparative analysis of high- and low-risk areas in Iran</title><title>Environmental geochemistry and health</title><addtitle>Environ Geochem Health</addtitle><addtitle>Environ Geochem Health</addtitle><description>The chemical quality of groundwater supplies in two high-risk area (HRA) and low-risk area (LRA) for gastric cancer in Iran was assessed through hydrogeochemical analysis and water quality indices. For this aim, Piper and Schoeller diagrams and water quality index (WQI) were applied. In addition, exposure to nitrate via drinking water and its corresponding risk were also assessed using Monte Carlo simulation technique. Data on physicochemical properties of groundwater resources were obtained from Iran Water Resources Management Company. Sampling and analysis of tap water for nitrate concentration were conducted in two cities of Shiraz (as a representative of LRA) and Ardabil (as a representative of HRA). According to Piper diagrams, the dominant hydrogeochemical facies of groundwater supplies in HRA and LRA were Na–HCO
3
(43.75%) and Ca–HCO
3
(41.77%), respectively. The predominant cations in groundwater resources of HRA were found to be Na
+
(68.06%) and Ca
2+
(31.94%). For LRA, the typical cations were in decreasing trend: Ca
2+
(39.64%) > Mg
2+
(18.35%) > Na
+
(17.26%). For two areas, HCO
3
−
, SO
4
2−
and Cl
−
were, respectively, the most frequent anions. Two-sample Wilcoxon test showed that there were statistically significant difference between two areas in terms of anions and cations concentrations (
p
value < 0.05). The mean of total hardness (Ca
2+
+ Mg
2+
) concentration of water supplies in LRA (528.1 mg/L) was higher than HRA (263.1 mg/L), whereas the mean of Na
+
concentration was found to be lower in LRA (90.6 mg/L) compared with HRA (108.1 mg/L). The sum of nitrate intake and its risk in LRA was higher than HRA. WQI results showed that drinking water quality in HRA and LRA ranged from excellent to poor and most water resources were of a good quality class. Further studies are suggested to investigate the role of drinking water in the etiology of gastric cancer in Iran.</description><subject>Aetiology</subject><subject>Anions</subject><subject>Anions - analysis</subject><subject>Calcium</subject><subject>Calcium ions</subject><subject>Cancer</subject><subject>Cations</subject><subject>Cations - analysis</subject><subject>Comparative analysis</subject><subject>Dietary Exposure - analysis</subject><subject>Drinking water</subject><subject>Drinking Water - chemistry</subject><subject>Drinking Water - standards</subject><subject>Earth and Environmental Science</subject><subject>Environment</subject><subject>Environmental Chemistry</subject><subject>Environmental Health</subject><subject>Environmental Monitoring</subject><subject>Etiology</subject><subject>Gastric cancer</subject><subject>Geochemistry</subject><subject>Groundwater</subject><subject>Groundwater - chemistry</subject><subject>Groundwater - standards</subject><subject>Groundwater quality</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Hydrogeochemistry</subject><subject>Iran - epidemiology</subject><subject>Magnesium</subject><subject>Monte Carlo simulation</subject><subject>Nitrates</subject><subject>Nitrates - analysis</subject><subject>Original Paper</subject><subject>Physicochemical processes</subject><subject>Physicochemical properties</subject><subject>Public Health</subject><subject>Risk Assessment</subject><subject>Sodium</subject><subject>Soil Science & Conservation</subject><subject>Statistical analysis</subject><subject>Statistical methods</subject><subject>Stomach Neoplasms - chemically induced</subject><subject>Stomach Neoplasms - epidemiology</subject><subject>Terrestrial Pollution</subject><subject>Water hardness</subject><subject>Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis</subject><subject>Water quality</subject><subject>Water resources</subject><subject>Water resources management</subject><subject>Water supply</subject><issn>0269-4042</issn><issn>1573-2983</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kc2OFCEURonROO3oC7gwJK7RCxQU7W4y8WeSSdzoukJTt7sZq4oeLuVMP5cvKFM96s4VIZzvcOFj7LWEdxKgfU8SrNECFAgAY5W4f8JW0rRaqLXTT9kKlF2LBhp1xl4Q3QDAum3cc3amVWOcsm7Ffl0QIdGIU-Fpy_fHPqcdprDHMQY_8LD32YeCOVKJgbifen47-yGW4wO_y2me-jtfAZ6R0pwDEo9T3Qy-xDTxknjN_lhgTyXHwIOfAuYPPKTxUO0l_sTq9cORIi1DxN1eLDcN6U4saZ_RL96r7KeX7NnWD4SvHtdz9v3Tx2-XX8T1189XlxfXIujWFGEBw1ZuYIPGaIsOFRi0a9vLvrHBBtX7XtePAw3eGevW0LZKOaOMc1Japc_Z25P3kNPtjFS6m_rAOih1qnGNtOCkqZQ6USEnoozb7pDj6POxk9A99NSdeupqT93SU3dfQ28e1fNmxP5v5E8xFdAngOrRtMP87-7_aH8DN5yhWw</recordid><startdate>2021</startdate><enddate>2021</enddate><creator>Ghaffari, Hamid Reza</creator><creator>Yunesian, Masud</creator><creator>Nabizadeh, Ramin</creator><creator>Nasseri, Simin</creator><creator>Pourfarzi, Farhad</creator><creator>Poustchi, Hossein</creator><creator>Sadjadi, Alireza</creator><creator>Eshraghian, Ahad</creator><general>Springer Netherlands</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7ST</scope><scope>7UA</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>88I</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>BKSAR</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>F1W</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H97</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>L.G</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M2P</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PCBAR</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>SOI</scope></search><sort><creationdate>2021</creationdate><title>Assessment of hydrogeochemical characteristics and quality of groundwater resources in relation to risk of gastric cancer: comparative analysis of high- and low-risk areas in Iran</title><author>Ghaffari, Hamid Reza ; Yunesian, Masud ; Nabizadeh, Ramin ; Nasseri, Simin ; Pourfarzi, Farhad ; Poustchi, Hossein ; Sadjadi, Alireza ; Eshraghian, Ahad</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c375t-60ecf1b0be5536e8e205e696d1d46c6c2dad3005030a856890772285258811623</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>Aetiology</topic><topic>Anions</topic><topic>Anions - analysis</topic><topic>Calcium</topic><topic>Calcium ions</topic><topic>Cancer</topic><topic>Cations</topic><topic>Cations - analysis</topic><topic>Comparative analysis</topic><topic>Dietary Exposure - analysis</topic><topic>Drinking water</topic><topic>Drinking Water - chemistry</topic><topic>Drinking Water - standards</topic><topic>Earth and Environmental Science</topic><topic>Environment</topic><topic>Environmental Chemistry</topic><topic>Environmental Health</topic><topic>Environmental Monitoring</topic><topic>Etiology</topic><topic>Gastric cancer</topic><topic>Geochemistry</topic><topic>Groundwater</topic><topic>Groundwater - chemistry</topic><topic>Groundwater - standards</topic><topic>Groundwater quality</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Hydrogeochemistry</topic><topic>Iran - epidemiology</topic><topic>Magnesium</topic><topic>Monte Carlo simulation</topic><topic>Nitrates</topic><topic>Nitrates - analysis</topic><topic>Original Paper</topic><topic>Physicochemical processes</topic><topic>Physicochemical properties</topic><topic>Public Health</topic><topic>Risk Assessment</topic><topic>Sodium</topic><topic>Soil Science & Conservation</topic><topic>Statistical analysis</topic><topic>Statistical methods</topic><topic>Stomach Neoplasms - chemically induced</topic><topic>Stomach Neoplasms - epidemiology</topic><topic>Terrestrial Pollution</topic><topic>Water hardness</topic><topic>Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis</topic><topic>Water quality</topic><topic>Water resources</topic><topic>Water resources management</topic><topic>Water supply</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Ghaffari, Hamid Reza</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yunesian, Masud</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nabizadeh, Ramin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nasseri, Simin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pourfarzi, Farhad</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Poustchi, Hossein</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sadjadi, Alireza</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Eshraghian, Ahad</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Water Resources Abstracts</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Science Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>Public Health Database</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Sustainability</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Earth, Atmospheric & Aquatic Science Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 3: Aquatic Pollution & Environmental Quality</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) Professional</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Science Database</collection><collection>Environmental Science Database</collection><collection>Earth, Atmospheric & Aquatic Science Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><jtitle>Environmental geochemistry and health</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Ghaffari, Hamid Reza</au><au>Yunesian, Masud</au><au>Nabizadeh, Ramin</au><au>Nasseri, Simin</au><au>Pourfarzi, Farhad</au><au>Poustchi, Hossein</au><au>Sadjadi, Alireza</au><au>Eshraghian, Ahad</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Assessment of hydrogeochemical characteristics and quality of groundwater resources in relation to risk of gastric cancer: comparative analysis of high- and low-risk areas in Iran</atitle><jtitle>Environmental geochemistry and health</jtitle><stitle>Environ Geochem Health</stitle><addtitle>Environ Geochem Health</addtitle><date>2021</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>43</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>1</spage><epage>21</epage><pages>1-21</pages><issn>0269-4042</issn><eissn>1573-2983</eissn><abstract>The chemical quality of groundwater supplies in two high-risk area (HRA) and low-risk area (LRA) for gastric cancer in Iran was assessed through hydrogeochemical analysis and water quality indices. For this aim, Piper and Schoeller diagrams and water quality index (WQI) were applied. In addition, exposure to nitrate via drinking water and its corresponding risk were also assessed using Monte Carlo simulation technique. Data on physicochemical properties of groundwater resources were obtained from Iran Water Resources Management Company. Sampling and analysis of tap water for nitrate concentration were conducted in two cities of Shiraz (as a representative of LRA) and Ardabil (as a representative of HRA). According to Piper diagrams, the dominant hydrogeochemical facies of groundwater supplies in HRA and LRA were Na–HCO
3
(43.75%) and Ca–HCO
3
(41.77%), respectively. The predominant cations in groundwater resources of HRA were found to be Na
+
(68.06%) and Ca
2+
(31.94%). For LRA, the typical cations were in decreasing trend: Ca
2+
(39.64%) > Mg
2+
(18.35%) > Na
+
(17.26%). For two areas, HCO
3
−
, SO
4
2−
and Cl
−
were, respectively, the most frequent anions. Two-sample Wilcoxon test showed that there were statistically significant difference between two areas in terms of anions and cations concentrations (
p
value < 0.05). The mean of total hardness (Ca
2+
+ Mg
2+
) concentration of water supplies in LRA (528.1 mg/L) was higher than HRA (263.1 mg/L), whereas the mean of Na
+
concentration was found to be lower in LRA (90.6 mg/L) compared with HRA (108.1 mg/L). The sum of nitrate intake and its risk in LRA was higher than HRA. WQI results showed that drinking water quality in HRA and LRA ranged from excellent to poor and most water resources were of a good quality class. Further studies are suggested to investigate the role of drinking water in the etiology of gastric cancer in Iran.</abstract><cop>Dordrecht</cop><pub>Springer Netherlands</pub><pmid>32458268</pmid><doi>10.1007/s10653-020-00562-x</doi><tpages>21</tpages></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Environmental geochemistry and health, 2021, Vol.43 (1), p.1-21 |
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| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_proquest_journals_2484160815 |
| source | MEDLINE; SpringerLink Journals - AutoHoldings |
| subjects | Aetiology Anions Anions - analysis Calcium Calcium ions Cancer Cations Cations - analysis Comparative analysis Dietary Exposure - analysis Drinking water Drinking Water - chemistry Drinking Water - standards Earth and Environmental Science Environment Environmental Chemistry Environmental Health Environmental Monitoring Etiology Gastric cancer Geochemistry Groundwater Groundwater - chemistry Groundwater - standards Groundwater quality Humans Hydrogeochemistry Iran - epidemiology Magnesium Monte Carlo simulation Nitrates Nitrates - analysis Original Paper Physicochemical processes Physicochemical properties Public Health Risk Assessment Sodium Soil Science & Conservation Statistical analysis Statistical methods Stomach Neoplasms - chemically induced Stomach Neoplasms - epidemiology Terrestrial Pollution Water hardness Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis Water quality Water resources Water resources management Water supply |
| title | Assessment of hydrogeochemical characteristics and quality of groundwater resources in relation to risk of gastric cancer: comparative analysis of high- and low-risk areas in Iran |
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