Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) factors associated with growth between birth and 1 year of age in children in Soweto, South Africa: results from the Soweto Baby WASH study
Interventions to reduce undernutrition and improve child growth have incorporated improved water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) as part of disease transmission prevention strategies. Knowledge gaps still exist, namely, when and which WASH factors are determinants for growth faltering, and when WASH...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of water and health 2020-10, Vol.18 (5), p.798-819 |
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| creator | Momberg, D J Voth-Gaeddert, L E Ngandu, B C Richter, L May, J Norris, S A Said-Mohamed, R |
| description | Interventions to reduce undernutrition and improve child growth have incorporated improved water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) as part of disease transmission prevention strategies. Knowledge gaps still exist, namely, when and which WASH factors are determinants for growth faltering, and when WASH interventions are most effective at improving growth. This study drew cross-sectional data from a longitudinal cohort study and used hierarchical regression analyses to assess associations between WASH factors: water index, sanitation, hygiene index, and growth: height-for-age (HAZ), weight-for-age (WAZ), weight-for-height (WHZ) at 1, 6, and 12 months postpartum among infants a priori born healthy in Soweto, Johannesburg. Household access to sanitation facilities that were not safely managed was associated with a decrease in HAZ scores at 1 month (β = -2.24) and 6 months (β = -0.96); a decrease in WAZ at 1 month (β = -1.21), 6 months (β = -1.57), and 12 months (β = -1.92); and finally, with WHZ scores at 12 months (β = -1.94). Counterintuitively, poorer scores on the hygiene index were associated with an increase at 1 month for both HAZ (β = 0.53) and WAZ (β = 0.44). Provision of safely managed sanitation at household and community levels may be required before improvements in growth-related outcomes are obtained. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.2166/wh.2020.085 |
| format | Article |
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Knowledge gaps still exist, namely, when and which WASH factors are determinants for growth faltering, and when WASH interventions are most effective at improving growth. This study drew cross-sectional data from a longitudinal cohort study and used hierarchical regression analyses to assess associations between WASH factors: water index, sanitation, hygiene index, and growth: height-for-age (HAZ), weight-for-age (WAZ), weight-for-height (WHZ) at 1, 6, and 12 months postpartum among infants a priori born healthy in Soweto, Johannesburg. Household access to sanitation facilities that were not safely managed was associated with a decrease in HAZ scores at 1 month (β = -2.24) and 6 months (β = -0.96); a decrease in WAZ at 1 month (β = -1.21), 6 months (β = -1.57), and 12 months (β = -1.92); and finally, with WHZ scores at 12 months (β = -1.94). Counterintuitively, poorer scores on the hygiene index were associated with an increase at 1 month for both HAZ (β = 0.53) and WAZ (β = 0.44). Provision of safely managed sanitation at household and community levels may be required before improvements in growth-related outcomes are obtained.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1477-8920</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1996-7829</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.2166/wh.2020.085</identifier><identifier>PMID: 33095202</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>England: IWA Publishing</publisher><subject>Age ; Babies ; Child ; Children & youth ; Cohorts ; Compliance ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Diarrhea ; Disease transmission ; Drinking water ; Female ; Growth ; Heat affected zone ; Height ; Households ; Humans ; Hygiene ; Illnesses ; Infant ; Infants ; Infrastructure ; Longitudinal Studies ; Malnutrition ; Morbidity ; Nutrition ; Postpartum ; Regression analysis ; Sanitation ; Sanitation facilities ; South Africa ; Systematic review ; Undernutrition ; Water ; Water treatment ; Weight</subject><ispartof>Journal of water and health, 2020-10, Vol.18 (5), p.798-819</ispartof><rights>Copyright IWA Publishing Oct 2020</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c354t-f73b09a8fefbf12f2e9cafa180fff7d699473e6f48a826e4808384e48cde439a3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c354t-f73b09a8fefbf12f2e9cafa180fff7d699473e6f48a826e4808384e48cde439a3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,778,782,27911,27912</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33095202$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Momberg, D J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Voth-Gaeddert, L E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ngandu, B C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Richter, L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>May, J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Norris, S A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Said-Mohamed, R</creatorcontrib><title>Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) factors associated with growth between birth and 1 year of age in children in Soweto, South Africa: results from the Soweto Baby WASH study</title><title>Journal of water and health</title><addtitle>J Water Health</addtitle><description>Interventions to reduce undernutrition and improve child growth have incorporated improved water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) as part of disease transmission prevention strategies. Knowledge gaps still exist, namely, when and which WASH factors are determinants for growth faltering, and when WASH interventions are most effective at improving growth. This study drew cross-sectional data from a longitudinal cohort study and used hierarchical regression analyses to assess associations between WASH factors: water index, sanitation, hygiene index, and growth: height-for-age (HAZ), weight-for-age (WAZ), weight-for-height (WHZ) at 1, 6, and 12 months postpartum among infants a priori born healthy in Soweto, Johannesburg. Household access to sanitation facilities that were not safely managed was associated with a decrease in HAZ scores at 1 month (β = -2.24) and 6 months (β = -0.96); a decrease in WAZ at 1 month (β = -1.21), 6 months (β = -1.57), and 12 months (β = -1.92); and finally, with WHZ scores at 12 months (β = -1.94). Counterintuitively, poorer scores on the hygiene index were associated with an increase at 1 month for both HAZ (β = 0.53) and WAZ (β = 0.44). Provision of safely managed sanitation at household and community levels may be required before improvements in growth-related outcomes are obtained.</description><subject>Age</subject><subject>Babies</subject><subject>Child</subject><subject>Children & youth</subject><subject>Cohorts</subject><subject>Compliance</subject><subject>Cross-Sectional Studies</subject><subject>Diarrhea</subject><subject>Disease transmission</subject><subject>Drinking water</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Growth</subject><subject>Heat affected zone</subject><subject>Height</subject><subject>Households</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Hygiene</subject><subject>Illnesses</subject><subject>Infant</subject><subject>Infants</subject><subject>Infrastructure</subject><subject>Longitudinal Studies</subject><subject>Malnutrition</subject><subject>Morbidity</subject><subject>Nutrition</subject><subject>Postpartum</subject><subject>Regression analysis</subject><subject>Sanitation</subject><subject>Sanitation facilities</subject><subject>South Africa</subject><subject>Systematic review</subject><subject>Undernutrition</subject><subject>Water</subject><subject>Water 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Soweto, South Africa: results from the Soweto Baby WASH study</atitle><jtitle>Journal of water and health</jtitle><addtitle>J Water Health</addtitle><date>2020-10</date><risdate>2020</risdate><volume>18</volume><issue>5</issue><spage>798</spage><epage>819</epage><pages>798-819</pages><issn>1477-8920</issn><eissn>1996-7829</eissn><abstract>Interventions to reduce undernutrition and improve child growth have incorporated improved water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) as part of disease transmission prevention strategies. Knowledge gaps still exist, namely, when and which WASH factors are determinants for growth faltering, and when WASH interventions are most effective at improving growth. This study drew cross-sectional data from a longitudinal cohort study and used hierarchical regression analyses to assess associations between WASH factors: water index, sanitation, hygiene index, and growth: height-for-age (HAZ), weight-for-age (WAZ), weight-for-height (WHZ) at 1, 6, and 12 months postpartum among infants a priori born healthy in Soweto, Johannesburg. Household access to sanitation facilities that were not safely managed was associated with a decrease in HAZ scores at 1 month (β = -2.24) and 6 months (β = -0.96); a decrease in WAZ at 1 month (β = -1.21), 6 months (β = -1.57), and 12 months (β = -1.92); and finally, with WHZ scores at 12 months (β = -1.94). Counterintuitively, poorer scores on the hygiene index were associated with an increase at 1 month for both HAZ (β = 0.53) and WAZ (β = 0.44). Provision of safely managed sanitation at household and community levels may be required before improvements in growth-related outcomes are obtained.</abstract><cop>England</cop><pub>IWA Publishing</pub><pmid>33095202</pmid><doi>10.2166/wh.2020.085</doi><tpages>22</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Age Babies Child Children & youth Cohorts Compliance Cross-Sectional Studies Diarrhea Disease transmission Drinking water Female Growth Heat affected zone Height Households Humans Hygiene Illnesses Infant Infants Infrastructure Longitudinal Studies Malnutrition Morbidity Nutrition Postpartum Regression analysis Sanitation Sanitation facilities South Africa Systematic review Undernutrition Water Water treatment Weight |
| title | Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) factors associated with growth between birth and 1 year of age in children in Soweto, South Africa: results from the Soweto Baby WASH study |
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