Influence of sodium chloride on cement kiln dust-treated clayey soil: strength properties, cost analysis, and environmental impact
This research investigates the microstructural and geotechnical properties, environmental impact, and economic benefit of cement kiln dust (CKD)-treated kaolinite clay with the addition of sodium chloride (NaCl). As a chemical admixture, NaCl is expected to enhance the strength properties of the cla...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Environment, development and sustainability development and sustainability, 2021-01, Vol.23 (1), p.683-702 |
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| creator | Ghavami, Sadegh Jahanbakhsh, Hamid Saeedi Azizkandi, Alireza Moghadas Nejad, Fereidoon |
| description | This research investigates the microstructural and geotechnical properties, environmental impact, and economic benefit of cement kiln dust (CKD)-treated kaolinite clay with the addition of sodium chloride (NaCl). As a chemical admixture, NaCl is expected to enhance the strength properties of the clay soil stabilized by CKD. To verify this issue, the geotechnical characteristics of CKD-treated soils with different contents of NaCl (2.5, 5, and 10%) were examined. To this end, the Atterberg limits, standard Proctor, unconfined compressive strength and California bearing ratio (CBR) tests were conducted. Besides, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis was used to observe the microstructural changes resulting from using additives. It was found that the addition of NaCl to the CKD-stabilized clay caused the maximum dry density to increase and the optimum moisture content to decrease. 10% NaCl enhanced the unconfined compressive strength of the CKD-treated soil to 18.7% and 8% higher than that of the NaCl-free specimen during 7 and 28 days of curing, respectively. These results were in accordance with the consequences extracted from the CBR behavior diagram. Moreover, cementitious compounds products in the mixtures were presumed to be the significant factor contributing to strength improvements based on the SEM results. The stabilized clayey soil with 15% CKD and 10% NaCl as environment-friendly method could significantly reduce energy consumption, e-CO
2
emission, and cost of soil stabilization. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s10668-020-00603-6 |
| format | Article |
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2
emission, and cost of soil stabilization.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1387-585X</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1573-2975</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s10668-020-00603-6</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands</publisher><subject>Additives ; Admixtures ; Atterberg limits ; California bearing ratio ; Carbon dioxide ; Carbon dioxide emissions ; Cement ; Clay ; Clay soils ; Compressive strength ; Cost analysis ; Density ; Dry density ; Dust ; Earth and Environmental Science ; Ecology ; Economic Geology ; Economic Growth ; Energy consumption ; Environment ; Environmental Economics ; Environmental impact ; Environmental Management ; Impact analysis ; Kaolinite ; Kilns ; Mixtures ; Moisture ; Moisture content ; Penetration tests ; Salt ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Sodium ; Sodium chloride ; Soil analysis ; Soil investigations ; Soil moisture ; Soil properties ; Soil stabilization ; Soil strength ; Soil treatment ; Soils ; Stabilization ; Sustainable Development ; Water content</subject><ispartof>Environment, development and sustainability, 2021-01, Vol.23 (1), p.683-702</ispartof><rights>Springer Nature B.V. 2020</rights><rights>Springer Nature B.V. 2020.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c358t-791174e277d5135ecbcc37adfaf2db3e60c5ccf5d78d077785ee14fb649355e23</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c358t-791174e277d5135ecbcc37adfaf2db3e60c5ccf5d78d077785ee14fb649355e23</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10668-020-00603-6$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10668-020-00603-6$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925,41488,42557,51319</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Ghavami, Sadegh</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jahanbakhsh, Hamid</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Saeedi Azizkandi, Alireza</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Moghadas Nejad, Fereidoon</creatorcontrib><title>Influence of sodium chloride on cement kiln dust-treated clayey soil: strength properties, cost analysis, and environmental impact</title><title>Environment, development and sustainability</title><addtitle>Environ Dev Sustain</addtitle><description>This research investigates the microstructural and geotechnical properties, environmental impact, and economic benefit of cement kiln dust (CKD)-treated kaolinite clay with the addition of sodium chloride (NaCl). As a chemical admixture, NaCl is expected to enhance the strength properties of the clay soil stabilized by CKD. To verify this issue, the geotechnical characteristics of CKD-treated soils with different contents of NaCl (2.5, 5, and 10%) were examined. To this end, the Atterberg limits, standard Proctor, unconfined compressive strength and California bearing ratio (CBR) tests were conducted. Besides, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis was used to observe the microstructural changes resulting from using additives. It was found that the addition of NaCl to the CKD-stabilized clay caused the maximum dry density to increase and the optimum moisture content to decrease. 10% NaCl enhanced the unconfined compressive strength of the CKD-treated soil to 18.7% and 8% higher than that of the NaCl-free specimen during 7 and 28 days of curing, respectively. These results were in accordance with the consequences extracted from the CBR behavior diagram. Moreover, cementitious compounds products in the mixtures were presumed to be the significant factor contributing to strength improvements based on the SEM results. The stabilized clayey soil with 15% CKD and 10% NaCl as environment-friendly method could significantly reduce energy consumption, e-CO
2
emission, and cost of soil stabilization.</description><subject>Additives</subject><subject>Admixtures</subject><subject>Atterberg limits</subject><subject>California bearing ratio</subject><subject>Carbon dioxide</subject><subject>Carbon dioxide emissions</subject><subject>Cement</subject><subject>Clay</subject><subject>Clay soils</subject><subject>Compressive strength</subject><subject>Cost analysis</subject><subject>Density</subject><subject>Dry density</subject><subject>Dust</subject><subject>Earth and Environmental Science</subject><subject>Ecology</subject><subject>Economic Geology</subject><subject>Economic Growth</subject><subject>Energy consumption</subject><subject>Environment</subject><subject>Environmental Economics</subject><subject>Environmental impact</subject><subject>Environmental Management</subject><subject>Impact analysis</subject><subject>Kaolinite</subject><subject>Kilns</subject><subject>Mixtures</subject><subject>Moisture</subject><subject>Moisture content</subject><subject>Penetration tests</subject><subject>Salt</subject><subject>Scanning electron microscopy</subject><subject>Sodium</subject><subject>Sodium chloride</subject><subject>Soil analysis</subject><subject>Soil investigations</subject><subject>Soil moisture</subject><subject>Soil properties</subject><subject>Soil stabilization</subject><subject>Soil strength</subject><subject>Soil treatment</subject><subject>Soils</subject><subject>Stabilization</subject><subject>Sustainable Development</subject><subject>Water 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of sodium chloride on cement kiln dust-treated clayey soil: strength properties, cost analysis, and environmental impact</title><author>Ghavami, Sadegh ; Jahanbakhsh, Hamid ; Saeedi Azizkandi, Alireza ; Moghadas Nejad, Fereidoon</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c358t-791174e277d5135ecbcc37adfaf2db3e60c5ccf5d78d077785ee14fb649355e23</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>Additives</topic><topic>Admixtures</topic><topic>Atterberg limits</topic><topic>California bearing ratio</topic><topic>Carbon dioxide</topic><topic>Carbon dioxide emissions</topic><topic>Cement</topic><topic>Clay</topic><topic>Clay soils</topic><topic>Compressive strength</topic><topic>Cost analysis</topic><topic>Density</topic><topic>Dry density</topic><topic>Dust</topic><topic>Earth and Environmental Science</topic><topic>Ecology</topic><topic>Economic 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sustainability</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Ghavami, Sadegh</au><au>Jahanbakhsh, Hamid</au><au>Saeedi Azizkandi, Alireza</au><au>Moghadas Nejad, Fereidoon</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Influence of sodium chloride on cement kiln dust-treated clayey soil: strength properties, cost analysis, and environmental impact</atitle><jtitle>Environment, development and sustainability</jtitle><stitle>Environ Dev Sustain</stitle><date>2021-01-01</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>23</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>683</spage><epage>702</epage><pages>683-702</pages><issn>1387-585X</issn><eissn>1573-2975</eissn><abstract>This research investigates the microstructural and geotechnical properties, environmental impact, and economic benefit of cement kiln dust (CKD)-treated kaolinite clay with the addition of sodium chloride (NaCl). As a chemical admixture, NaCl is expected to enhance the strength properties of the clay soil stabilized by CKD. To verify this issue, the geotechnical characteristics of CKD-treated soils with different contents of NaCl (2.5, 5, and 10%) were examined. To this end, the Atterberg limits, standard Proctor, unconfined compressive strength and California bearing ratio (CBR) tests were conducted. Besides, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis was used to observe the microstructural changes resulting from using additives. It was found that the addition of NaCl to the CKD-stabilized clay caused the maximum dry density to increase and the optimum moisture content to decrease. 10% NaCl enhanced the unconfined compressive strength of the CKD-treated soil to 18.7% and 8% higher than that of the NaCl-free specimen during 7 and 28 days of curing, respectively. These results were in accordance with the consequences extracted from the CBR behavior diagram. Moreover, cementitious compounds products in the mixtures were presumed to be the significant factor contributing to strength improvements based on the SEM results. The stabilized clayey soil with 15% CKD and 10% NaCl as environment-friendly method could significantly reduce energy consumption, e-CO
2
emission, and cost of soil stabilization.</abstract><cop>Dordrecht</cop><pub>Springer Netherlands</pub><doi>10.1007/s10668-020-00603-6</doi><tpages>20</tpages></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Additives Admixtures Atterberg limits California bearing ratio Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide emissions Cement Clay Clay soils Compressive strength Cost analysis Density Dry density Dust Earth and Environmental Science Ecology Economic Geology Economic Growth Energy consumption Environment Environmental Economics Environmental impact Environmental Management Impact analysis Kaolinite Kilns Mixtures Moisture Moisture content Penetration tests Salt Scanning electron microscopy Sodium Sodium chloride Soil analysis Soil investigations Soil moisture Soil properties Soil stabilization Soil strength Soil treatment Soils Stabilization Sustainable Development Water content |
| title | Influence of sodium chloride on cement kiln dust-treated clayey soil: strength properties, cost analysis, and environmental impact |
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