Occupational exposure to formaldehyde, lifetime cancer probability, and hazard quotient in pathology lab employees in Iran: a quantitative risk assessment
Formaldehyde is a colorless and highly irritating substance that is used as a preservative and chemical fixative in tissue processing in pathological laboratories. Formaldehyde is mutagenic and is classified by the IARC as the definitive carcinogen (A1 group). This cross-sectional descriptive-analyt...
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| creator | Jalali, Mahdi Moghadam, Somayeh Rahimi Baziar, Mansour Hesam, Ghasem Moradpour, Zahra Zakeri, Hamid Reza |
| description | Formaldehyde is a colorless and highly irritating substance that is used as a preservative and chemical fixative in tissue processing in pathological laboratories. Formaldehyde is mutagenic and is classified by the IARC as the definitive carcinogen (A1 group). This cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study was performed to determine the respiratory exposure of 60 employees of pathology labs with formaldehyde and to estimate carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk in Iran in 2018–2019. Occupational exposure to formaldehyde was assessed in summer season using the NIOSH 3500 method and a personal sampler with flow of 1 l/min connected to two Glass Midget Impingers containing 20 ml of 1% sodium bisulfate solution. The respiratory symptoms questionnaire provided by the American Thoracic Society was used to assess the health effects of formaldehyde exposure. The carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk assessment of inhaled exposure to formaldehyde was also performed using the USA Environmental Protection Agency (OEHHA) method. The mean respiratory exposure of employees to formaldehyde was 0.64 mg/m
3
(range: 0.1474 to 1.3757). Occupational exposure in 28.3% (
n
= 17) of employees was above the OSHA recommended range. Wheezing (24%), burning eyes (25%), and cough (21.7%) were the most prevalent health problems. The mean ± SD of the carcinogenic risk among the employees was 3.45 × 10
−4
± 2.27 × 10
−4
. The highest mean of carcinogenic risk was found in lab workers (4.44 × 10
−4
). Given the high level of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk of respiratory exposure to formaldehyde in pathological employees, especially lab worker, the use of management controls, engineering controls, and respiratory protection equipment to reduce exposure levels of all workers to less than the allowed exposure limits seems necessary. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s11356-020-10627-0 |
| format | Article |
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3
(range: 0.1474 to 1.3757). Occupational exposure in 28.3% (
n
= 17) of employees was above the OSHA recommended range. Wheezing (24%), burning eyes (25%), and cough (21.7%) were the most prevalent health problems. The mean ± SD of the carcinogenic risk among the employees was 3.45 × 10
−4
± 2.27 × 10
−4
. The highest mean of carcinogenic risk was found in lab workers (4.44 × 10
−4
). Given the high level of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk of respiratory exposure to formaldehyde in pathological employees, especially lab worker, the use of management controls, engineering controls, and respiratory protection equipment to reduce exposure levels of all workers to less than the allowed exposure limits seems necessary.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0944-1344</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1614-7499</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10627-0</identifier><identifier>PMID: 32860187</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg</publisher><subject>Aquatic Pollution ; Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution ; Burning ; Carcinogens ; Control equipment ; Cough ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Earth and Environmental Science ; Ecotoxicology ; Employees ; Environment ; Environmental Chemistry ; Environmental Health ; Environmental protection ; Environmental science ; Exposure ; Exposure limits ; Formaldehyde ; Health problems ; Humans ; Iran ; Laboratories ; Neoplasms - chemically induced ; Neoplasms - epidemiology ; Occupational exposure ; Occupational Exposure - analysis ; Occupational health ; Occupational safety ; Pathology ; Preservatives ; Quotients ; Research Article ; Risk Assessment ; Thorax ; United States ; Waste Water Technology ; Water Management ; Water Pollution Control ; Wheezing</subject><ispartof>Environmental science and pollution research international, 2021-01, Vol.28 (2), p.1878-1888</ispartof><rights>Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020</rights><rights>Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c499t-e33d50b50f64056e39e10eff6df30f1e39785e67cf8c8cefba0bf539e7caa6403</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c499t-e33d50b50f64056e39e10eff6df30f1e39785e67cf8c8cefba0bf539e7caa6403</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11356-020-10627-0$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11356-020-10627-0$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>315,781,785,27926,27927,41490,42559,51321</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32860187$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Jalali, Mahdi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Moghadam, Somayeh Rahimi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Baziar, Mansour</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hesam, Ghasem</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Moradpour, Zahra</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zakeri, Hamid Reza</creatorcontrib><title>Occupational exposure to formaldehyde, lifetime cancer probability, and hazard quotient in pathology lab employees in Iran: a quantitative risk assessment</title><title>Environmental science and pollution research international</title><addtitle>Environ Sci Pollut Res</addtitle><addtitle>Environ Sci Pollut Res Int</addtitle><description>Formaldehyde is a colorless and highly irritating substance that is used as a preservative and chemical fixative in tissue processing in pathological laboratories. Formaldehyde is mutagenic and is classified by the IARC as the definitive carcinogen (A1 group). This cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study was performed to determine the respiratory exposure of 60 employees of pathology labs with formaldehyde and to estimate carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk in Iran in 2018–2019. Occupational exposure to formaldehyde was assessed in summer season using the NIOSH 3500 method and a personal sampler with flow of 1 l/min connected to two Glass Midget Impingers containing 20 ml of 1% sodium bisulfate solution. The respiratory symptoms questionnaire provided by the American Thoracic Society was used to assess the health effects of formaldehyde exposure. The carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk assessment of inhaled exposure to formaldehyde was also performed using the USA Environmental Protection Agency (OEHHA) method. The mean respiratory exposure of employees to formaldehyde was 0.64 mg/m
3
(range: 0.1474 to 1.3757). Occupational exposure in 28.3% (
n
= 17) of employees was above the OSHA recommended range. Wheezing (24%), burning eyes (25%), and cough (21.7%) were the most prevalent health problems. The mean ± SD of the carcinogenic risk among the employees was 3.45 × 10
−4
± 2.27 × 10
−4
. The highest mean of carcinogenic risk was found in lab workers (4.44 × 10
−4
). Given the high level of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk of respiratory exposure to formaldehyde in pathological employees, especially lab worker, the use of management controls, engineering controls, and respiratory protection equipment to reduce exposure levels of all workers to less than the allowed exposure limits seems necessary.</description><subject>Aquatic Pollution</subject><subject>Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution</subject><subject>Burning</subject><subject>Carcinogens</subject><subject>Control equipment</subject><subject>Cough</subject><subject>Cross-Sectional Studies</subject><subject>Earth and Environmental Science</subject><subject>Ecotoxicology</subject><subject>Employees</subject><subject>Environment</subject><subject>Environmental Chemistry</subject><subject>Environmental Health</subject><subject>Environmental protection</subject><subject>Environmental science</subject><subject>Exposure</subject><subject>Exposure 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Reza</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Occupational exposure to formaldehyde, lifetime cancer probability, and hazard quotient in pathology lab employees in Iran: a quantitative risk assessment</atitle><jtitle>Environmental science and pollution research international</jtitle><stitle>Environ Sci Pollut Res</stitle><addtitle>Environ Sci Pollut Res Int</addtitle><date>2021-01-01</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>28</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>1878</spage><epage>1888</epage><pages>1878-1888</pages><issn>0944-1344</issn><eissn>1614-7499</eissn><abstract>Formaldehyde is a colorless and highly irritating substance that is used as a preservative and chemical fixative in tissue processing in pathological laboratories. Formaldehyde is mutagenic and is classified by the IARC as the definitive carcinogen (A1 group). This cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study was performed to determine the respiratory exposure of 60 employees of pathology labs with formaldehyde and to estimate carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk in Iran in 2018–2019. Occupational exposure to formaldehyde was assessed in summer season using the NIOSH 3500 method and a personal sampler with flow of 1 l/min connected to two Glass Midget Impingers containing 20 ml of 1% sodium bisulfate solution. The respiratory symptoms questionnaire provided by the American Thoracic Society was used to assess the health effects of formaldehyde exposure. The carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk assessment of inhaled exposure to formaldehyde was also performed using the USA Environmental Protection Agency (OEHHA) method. The mean respiratory exposure of employees to formaldehyde was 0.64 mg/m
3
(range: 0.1474 to 1.3757). Occupational exposure in 28.3% (
n
= 17) of employees was above the OSHA recommended range. Wheezing (24%), burning eyes (25%), and cough (21.7%) were the most prevalent health problems. The mean ± SD of the carcinogenic risk among the employees was 3.45 × 10
−4
± 2.27 × 10
−4
. The highest mean of carcinogenic risk was found in lab workers (4.44 × 10
−4
). Given the high level of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk of respiratory exposure to formaldehyde in pathological employees, especially lab worker, the use of management controls, engineering controls, and respiratory protection equipment to reduce exposure levels of all workers to less than the allowed exposure limits seems necessary.</abstract><cop>Berlin/Heidelberg</cop><pub>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</pub><pmid>32860187</pmid><doi>10.1007/s11356-020-10627-0</doi><tpages>11</tpages></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Environmental science and pollution research international, 2021-01, Vol.28 (2), p.1878-1888 |
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| subjects | Aquatic Pollution Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution Burning Carcinogens Control equipment Cough Cross-Sectional Studies Earth and Environmental Science Ecotoxicology Employees Environment Environmental Chemistry Environmental Health Environmental protection Environmental science Exposure Exposure limits Formaldehyde Health problems Humans Iran Laboratories Neoplasms - chemically induced Neoplasms - epidemiology Occupational exposure Occupational Exposure - analysis Occupational health Occupational safety Pathology Preservatives Quotients Research Article Risk Assessment Thorax United States Waste Water Technology Water Management Water Pollution Control Wheezing |
| title | Occupational exposure to formaldehyde, lifetime cancer probability, and hazard quotient in pathology lab employees in Iran: a quantitative risk assessment |
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