Smoking has physical and psychoactive effects, and heavy smoking is associated with depression

The effects of smoking on physical and mental health were assessed in a cohort of 3,376 middle-aged men by a health questionnaire, the Total Health Index, and by mortality risk ratio. Participants were grouped into the four following smoking classes: never smoked, smoke 1-19, 20-29, and ≥30 cigarett...

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Veröffentlicht in:	Japanese Journal of Health and Human Ecology 2020/11/30, Vol.86(6), pp.273-280
Hauptverfasser:	HERAWATI, Netti, SUZUKI, Shosuke, KOYAMA, Hiroshi, HAYASHI, Kunihiko
Format:	Artikel
Sprache:	eng
Schlagworte:	depression heavy smoking mental effect mortality risk physical health
Online-Zugang:	Volltext
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