Potentially toxic elements’ occurrence and risk assessment through water and soil of Chitral urban environment, Pakistan: a case study
This study investigated the concentrations of potentially toxic elements (PTE) including copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), molybdenum (Mo) and manganese (Mn) in water and soil of the Chitral city, Pakistan. For this purpose, water (...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Environmental geochemistry and health 2020-12, Vol.42 (12), p.4355-4368 |
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| creator | Rehman, Inayat ur Ishaq, Muhammad Ali, Liaqat Muhammad, Said Din, Imran Ud Yaseen, Muhammad Ullah, Hameed |
| description | This study investigated the concentrations of potentially toxic elements (PTE) including copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), molybdenum (Mo) and manganese (Mn) in water and soil of the Chitral city, Pakistan. For this purpose, water (
n
= 66) and soil (
n
= 48) samples were collected from various locations of the Chitral city and analyzed for the PTE concentrations. Determined PTE concentrations were evaluated for the human and ecological potential risk. Results revealed that hazard quotient through water consumption was less than the threshold limit (1). However, for soil, the Fe mean hazard index (HI > 1) value for children only surpassed the threshold limits. The mean cancer risk index values via soil exposure were higher (RI > 1 × 10
–4
) through consumption of Co, Ni and Cd for children and only Co for adults. Contamination factor (CF) values for Mo, Cd and Fe were found very high, considerable and moderate for 79%, 8% and 77% of sampling sites, respectively. Geoaccumulation index (
I
geo
) showed that soils were moderately–heavily polluted due to Mo. Potential ecological risk index (PERI) values exhibited considerable risk with an average risk index value in the range 190 |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s10653-020-00531-4 |
| format | Article |
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n
= 66) and soil (
n
= 48) samples were collected from various locations of the Chitral city and analyzed for the PTE concentrations. Determined PTE concentrations were evaluated for the human and ecological potential risk. Results revealed that hazard quotient through water consumption was less than the threshold limit (1). However, for soil, the Fe mean hazard index (HI > 1) value for children only surpassed the threshold limits. The mean cancer risk index values via soil exposure were higher (RI > 1 × 10
–4
) through consumption of Co, Ni and Cd for children and only Co for adults. Contamination factor (CF) values for Mo, Cd and Fe were found very high, considerable and moderate for 79%, 8% and 77% of sampling sites, respectively. Geoaccumulation index (
I
geo
) showed that soils were moderately–heavily polluted due to Mo. Potential ecological risk index (PERI) values exhibited considerable risk with an average risk index value in the range 190 < RI < 380. Higher values of CF,
I
geo
and PERI revealed the presence of pollution and pose risk to ecological environment.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0269-4042</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1573-2983</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00531-4</identifier><identifier>PMID: 32060863</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands</publisher><subject>Adult ; Agriculture ; Cadmium ; Cancer ; Case studies ; Child ; Children ; Chromium ; Cobalt ; Contamination ; Copper ; Earth and Environmental Science ; Ecological effects ; Environment ; Environmental Chemistry ; Environmental Health ; Environmental Monitoring - methods ; Geochemistry ; Global positioning systems ; GPS ; Health risks ; Humans ; Iron ; Irrigation ; Laboratories ; Lead ; Manganese ; Metals, Heavy - analysis ; Metals, Heavy - toxicity ; Molybdenum ; Nickel ; Original Paper ; Pakistan ; Polyethylene ; Public Health ; Quotients ; Reference materials ; Risk Assessment ; Soil ; Soil contamination ; Soil investigations ; Soil Pollutants - analysis ; Soil Pollutants - toxicity ; Soil pollution ; Soil Science & Conservation ; Soil water ; Soils ; Terrestrial Pollution ; Threshold limits ; Urban environments ; Water consumption ; Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis ; Water Pollutants, Chemical - toxicity ; Water pollution ; Zinc</subject><ispartof>Environmental geochemistry and health, 2020-12, Vol.42 (12), p.4355-4368</ispartof><rights>Springer Nature B.V. 2020</rights><rights>Springer Nature B.V. 2020.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-a398t-d66a41b8dc794da11eeee012749e8cbc7fd59343036759f4b920c8fddad091363</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-a398t-d66a41b8dc794da11eeee012749e8cbc7fd59343036759f4b920c8fddad091363</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10653-020-00531-4$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10653-020-00531-4$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925,41488,42557,51319</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32060863$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Rehman, Inayat ur</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ishaq, Muhammad</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ali, Liaqat</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Muhammad, Said</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Din, Imran Ud</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yaseen, Muhammad</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ullah, Hameed</creatorcontrib><title>Potentially toxic elements’ occurrence and risk assessment through water and soil of Chitral urban environment, Pakistan: a case study</title><title>Environmental geochemistry and health</title><addtitle>Environ Geochem Health</addtitle><addtitle>Environ Geochem Health</addtitle><description>This study investigated the concentrations of potentially toxic elements (PTE) including copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), molybdenum (Mo) and manganese (Mn) in water and soil of the Chitral city, Pakistan. For this purpose, water (
n
= 66) and soil (
n
= 48) samples were collected from various locations of the Chitral city and analyzed for the PTE concentrations. Determined PTE concentrations were evaluated for the human and ecological potential risk. Results revealed that hazard quotient through water consumption was less than the threshold limit (1). However, for soil, the Fe mean hazard index (HI > 1) value for children only surpassed the threshold limits. The mean cancer risk index values via soil exposure were higher (RI > 1 × 10
–4
) through consumption of Co, Ni and Cd for children and only Co for adults. Contamination factor (CF) values for Mo, Cd and Fe were found very high, considerable and moderate for 79%, 8% and 77% of sampling sites, respectively. Geoaccumulation index (
I
geo
) showed that soils were moderately–heavily polluted due to Mo. Potential ecological risk index (PERI) values exhibited considerable risk with an average risk index value in the range 190 < RI < 380. Higher values of CF,
I
geo
and PERI revealed the presence of pollution and pose risk to ecological environment.</description><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Agriculture</subject><subject>Cadmium</subject><subject>Cancer</subject><subject>Case studies</subject><subject>Child</subject><subject>Children</subject><subject>Chromium</subject><subject>Cobalt</subject><subject>Contamination</subject><subject>Copper</subject><subject>Earth and Environmental Science</subject><subject>Ecological effects</subject><subject>Environment</subject><subject>Environmental Chemistry</subject><subject>Environmental Health</subject><subject>Environmental Monitoring - methods</subject><subject>Geochemistry</subject><subject>Global positioning systems</subject><subject>GPS</subject><subject>Health risks</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Iron</subject><subject>Irrigation</subject><subject>Laboratories</subject><subject>Lead</subject><subject>Manganese</subject><subject>Metals, Heavy - analysis</subject><subject>Metals, Heavy - toxicity</subject><subject>Molybdenum</subject><subject>Nickel</subject><subject>Original Paper</subject><subject>Pakistan</subject><subject>Polyethylene</subject><subject>Public Health</subject><subject>Quotients</subject><subject>Reference materials</subject><subject>Risk Assessment</subject><subject>Soil</subject><subject>Soil contamination</subject><subject>Soil investigations</subject><subject>Soil Pollutants - analysis</subject><subject>Soil Pollutants - toxicity</subject><subject>Soil pollution</subject><subject>Soil Science & Conservation</subject><subject>Soil water</subject><subject>Soils</subject><subject>Terrestrial Pollution</subject><subject>Threshold limits</subject><subject>Urban environments</subject><subject>Water consumption</subject><subject>Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis</subject><subject>Water Pollutants, Chemical - toxicity</subject><subject>Water pollution</subject><subject>Zinc</subject><issn>0269-4042</issn><issn>1573-2983</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2020</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kLtuFDEUhi1ERJbAC1AgS7QMOb7MeEyHVtykSKSA2vLYnuwks3bw8QDbUfIKvB5PgjcbSBe7sHT8_f-RPkKeMXjFANQpMuha0QCHBqAVrJEPyIq1SjRc9-IhWQHvdCNB8mPyGPESALSS_SNyLDh00HdiRX6dpxJimew872hJPyZHwxy2dYR_fv6mybkl5xBdoDZ6mie8ohYxIO4RWjY5LRcb-t2WkG8ITNNM00jXm6lkO9MlDzbSEL9NOcV95iU9t1cTFhtfU0udxUCxLH73hByNdsbw9PY9IV_evf28_tCcfXr_cf3mrLFC96XxXWclG3rvlJbeMhbqAcaV1KF3g1Ojb7WQAkSnWj3KQXNw_ei99aCZ6MQJeXHovc7p6xKwmMu05FhXGi6VEKpeqBQ_UC4nxBxGc52nrc07w8Ds5ZuDfFPlmxv5RtbQ89vqZdgG_z_yz3YFxAHA-hUvQr7bfU_tX4oxkrk</recordid><startdate>20201201</startdate><enddate>20201201</enddate><creator>Rehman, Inayat ur</creator><creator>Ishaq, Muhammad</creator><creator>Ali, Liaqat</creator><creator>Muhammad, Said</creator><creator>Din, Imran Ud</creator><creator>Yaseen, Muhammad</creator><creator>Ullah, Hameed</creator><general>Springer Netherlands</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7ST</scope><scope>7UA</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>88I</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>BKSAR</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>F1W</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H97</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>L.G</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M2P</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PCBAR</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>SOI</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20201201</creationdate><title>Potentially toxic elements’ occurrence and risk assessment through water and soil of Chitral urban environment, Pakistan: a case study</title><author>Rehman, Inayat ur ; Ishaq, Muhammad ; Ali, Liaqat ; Muhammad, Said ; Din, Imran Ud ; Yaseen, Muhammad ; Ullah, Hameed</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-a398t-d66a41b8dc794da11eeee012749e8cbc7fd59343036759f4b920c8fddad091363</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2020</creationdate><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Agriculture</topic><topic>Cadmium</topic><topic>Cancer</topic><topic>Case studies</topic><topic>Child</topic><topic>Children</topic><topic>Chromium</topic><topic>Cobalt</topic><topic>Contamination</topic><topic>Copper</topic><topic>Earth and Environmental Science</topic><topic>Ecological effects</topic><topic>Environment</topic><topic>Environmental Chemistry</topic><topic>Environmental Health</topic><topic>Environmental Monitoring - methods</topic><topic>Geochemistry</topic><topic>Global positioning systems</topic><topic>GPS</topic><topic>Health risks</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Iron</topic><topic>Irrigation</topic><topic>Laboratories</topic><topic>Lead</topic><topic>Manganese</topic><topic>Metals, Heavy - analysis</topic><topic>Metals, Heavy - toxicity</topic><topic>Molybdenum</topic><topic>Nickel</topic><topic>Original Paper</topic><topic>Pakistan</topic><topic>Polyethylene</topic><topic>Public Health</topic><topic>Quotients</topic><topic>Reference materials</topic><topic>Risk Assessment</topic><topic>Soil</topic><topic>Soil contamination</topic><topic>Soil investigations</topic><topic>Soil Pollutants - analysis</topic><topic>Soil Pollutants - toxicity</topic><topic>Soil pollution</topic><topic>Soil Science & Conservation</topic><topic>Soil water</topic><topic>Soils</topic><topic>Terrestrial Pollution</topic><topic>Threshold limits</topic><topic>Urban environments</topic><topic>Water consumption</topic><topic>Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis</topic><topic>Water Pollutants, Chemical - toxicity</topic><topic>Water pollution</topic><topic>Zinc</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Rehman, Inayat ur</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ishaq, Muhammad</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ali, Liaqat</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Muhammad, Said</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Din, Imran Ud</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yaseen, Muhammad</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ullah, Hameed</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Water Resources Abstracts</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Science Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>Public Health Database</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Earth, Atmospheric & Aquatic Science Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 3: Aquatic Pollution & Environmental Quality</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) Professional</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Science Database</collection><collection>Environmental Science Database</collection><collection>Earth, Atmospheric & Aquatic Science Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><jtitle>Environmental geochemistry and health</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Rehman, Inayat ur</au><au>Ishaq, Muhammad</au><au>Ali, Liaqat</au><au>Muhammad, Said</au><au>Din, Imran Ud</au><au>Yaseen, Muhammad</au><au>Ullah, Hameed</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Potentially toxic elements’ occurrence and risk assessment through water and soil of Chitral urban environment, Pakistan: a case study</atitle><jtitle>Environmental geochemistry and health</jtitle><stitle>Environ Geochem Health</stitle><addtitle>Environ Geochem Health</addtitle><date>2020-12-01</date><risdate>2020</risdate><volume>42</volume><issue>12</issue><spage>4355</spage><epage>4368</epage><pages>4355-4368</pages><issn>0269-4042</issn><eissn>1573-2983</eissn><abstract>This study investigated the concentrations of potentially toxic elements (PTE) including copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), molybdenum (Mo) and manganese (Mn) in water and soil of the Chitral city, Pakistan. For this purpose, water (
n
= 66) and soil (
n
= 48) samples were collected from various locations of the Chitral city and analyzed for the PTE concentrations. Determined PTE concentrations were evaluated for the human and ecological potential risk. Results revealed that hazard quotient through water consumption was less than the threshold limit (1). However, for soil, the Fe mean hazard index (HI > 1) value for children only surpassed the threshold limits. The mean cancer risk index values via soil exposure were higher (RI > 1 × 10
–4
) through consumption of Co, Ni and Cd for children and only Co for adults. Contamination factor (CF) values for Mo, Cd and Fe were found very high, considerable and moderate for 79%, 8% and 77% of sampling sites, respectively. Geoaccumulation index (
I
geo
) showed that soils were moderately–heavily polluted due to Mo. Potential ecological risk index (PERI) values exhibited considerable risk with an average risk index value in the range 190 < RI < 380. Higher values of CF,
I
geo
and PERI revealed the presence of pollution and pose risk to ecological environment.</abstract><cop>Dordrecht</cop><pub>Springer Netherlands</pub><pmid>32060863</pmid><doi>10.1007/s10653-020-00531-4</doi><tpages>14</tpages></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Adult Agriculture Cadmium Cancer Case studies Child Children Chromium Cobalt Contamination Copper Earth and Environmental Science Ecological effects Environment Environmental Chemistry Environmental Health Environmental Monitoring - methods Geochemistry Global positioning systems GPS Health risks Humans Iron Irrigation Laboratories Lead Manganese Metals, Heavy - analysis Metals, Heavy - toxicity Molybdenum Nickel Original Paper Pakistan Polyethylene Public Health Quotients Reference materials Risk Assessment Soil Soil contamination Soil investigations Soil Pollutants - analysis Soil Pollutants - toxicity Soil pollution Soil Science & Conservation Soil water Soils Terrestrial Pollution Threshold limits Urban environments Water consumption Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis Water Pollutants, Chemical - toxicity Water pollution Zinc |
| title | Potentially toxic elements’ occurrence and risk assessment through water and soil of Chitral urban environment, Pakistan: a case study |
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