Study on fuel consumption in the Kerner–Klenov–Wolf three-phase cellular automaton traffic flow model

Based on the Kerner–Klenov–Wolf three-phase cellular automaton traffic model, we study fuel consumption of vehicles on one-way lanes under open boundary conditions. The difference in the appearance of the phase diagram is found to be related to the length of the vehicle. Phase diagram is divided into free flow, congested phase I, congested phase II and maximum current (MC) phase for the 15 cells of vehicle length and lacks the maximum current (MC) phase for 5 cells of vehicle length. By analysis of the cross-correlation between local density and flow and the spatial–temporal patterns, synchronized flow (SF) on the area upstream of the road is determined. The numerical computations for fuel consumption on free flow, congested phase I, synchronous flow (SF) and maximum current (MC) are carried out. The results indicate that the injection rate and the removal rate have great impacts on fuel consumption in the open boundary traffic system. The maximum current (MC) phase and congested phase I maximize fuel consumption. The fuel consumption of synchronized flow (SF) exceeds that of the free flow, but lower than that of the congested phase I and the maximum current (MC).