Ablation resistance of tungsten carbide cermets under extreme conditions
A cobalt-free tungsten carbide cermet (WC-FeNi) has been subjected to oxyacetylene flame tests to simulate extreme operating conditions such as a worst-case fusion reactor accident. In such an accident, air-ingress to the reactor may impinge on components operating at surface temperatures in excess...
Gespeichert in:
Veröffentlicht in: | International journal of refractory metals & hard materials 2020-12, Vol.93, p.105356, Article 105356 |
---|---|
Hauptverfasser: | , , , , |
Format: | Artikel |
Sprache: | eng |
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Volltext |
Tags: |
Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
|
container_end_page | |
---|---|
container_issue | |
container_start_page | 105356 |
container_title | International journal of refractory metals & hard materials |
container_volume | 93 |
creator | Humphry-Baker, Samuel A. Ramanujam, Prabhu Smith, George D.W. Binner, Jon Lee, William E. |
description | A cobalt-free tungsten carbide cermet (WC-FeNi) has been subjected to oxyacetylene flame tests to simulate extreme operating conditions such as a worst-case fusion reactor accident. In such an accident, air-ingress to the reactor may impinge on components operating at surface temperatures in excess of 1000 °C, leading to tungsten oxide formation and its subsequent hazardous volatilisation. Here, the most challenging accident stage has been simulated, where the initial air-ingress could lead to extremely rapid air-flow rates. These conditions were simulated using an oxidising oxyacetylene flame. The separation between flame nozzle and sample was varied to permit peak surface temperatures of ~950–1400 °C. When the peak temperature was below 1300 °C, the cermet gained mass due to the dominance of oxide scale formation. Above 1300 °C, the samples transitioned into a mass loss regime. The mass loss regime was dominated by liquid-phase ablation of the scale rather than its volatilisation, which was confirmed by performing a systematic thermogravimetric kinetic analysis. The result was unexpected as in other candidate shielding materials, e.g. metallic tungsten, volatilisation is considered the primary dispersion mechanism. The unusual behaviour of the cermet scale is explained by its relatively low melting point and by the lower volatility of its FeWO4 scale compared to tungsten's WO3 scale. The substantially lower volatility of the WC cermet scale compared to metallic W scales indicates it may have a superior accident tolerance.
Graphical abstract [Display omitted]
•Tungsten carbide cermets subjected to nuclear fusion accident scenario conditions.•Cermets heated in oxyacetylene flame to 950–1400 °C.•At 1300 °C, sample transitioned from mass gain (oxidation) to mass loss (ablation).•Dominance of ablation in loss regime due to formation of FeWO4 with low melting point.•Volatility of scale is lower than for other shielding materials such as tungsten. |
doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2020.105356 |
format | Article |
fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_journals_2461032746</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><els_id>S0263436820302328</els_id><sourcerecordid>2461032746</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c380t-1c765a81c481e58c1e8245b45248e2a93e275cf48d1a3bcc6342f86056881203</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp9kE1LwzAYx4MoOKffwEPBc2fem12EMXQTBl52D2n6VFPWZCap6Le3pZ49PfDn_8LzQ-ie4BXBRD52K9fF_qNfUUwnSTAhL9CCUsJKtibVJVpgKlnJmVTX6CalDmMs15Is0H5Tn0x2wRcRkkvZeAtFaIs8-PeUwRfWxNo1UFiIPeRUDL6BWMB3jtCPavCNm-LpFl215pTg7u8u0fHl-bjdl4e33et2cygtUziXxFZSGEUsVwSEsgQU5aLmgnIF1KwZ0ErYlquGGFZbKxmnrZJYSKUIxWyJHubacwyfA6SsuzBEPy5qyiXBjFZcji4-u2wMKUVo9Tm63sQfTbCekOlOz8j0hEzPyMbY0xyD8YEvB1En62Ak0rgINusmuP8LfgFOnHXI</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2461032746</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Ablation resistance of tungsten carbide cermets under extreme conditions</title><source>Elsevier ScienceDirect Journals Complete</source><creator>Humphry-Baker, Samuel A. ; Ramanujam, Prabhu ; Smith, George D.W. ; Binner, Jon ; Lee, William E.</creator><creatorcontrib>Humphry-Baker, Samuel A. ; Ramanujam, Prabhu ; Smith, George D.W. ; Binner, Jon ; Lee, William E.</creatorcontrib><description>A cobalt-free tungsten carbide cermet (WC-FeNi) has been subjected to oxyacetylene flame tests to simulate extreme operating conditions such as a worst-case fusion reactor accident. In such an accident, air-ingress to the reactor may impinge on components operating at surface temperatures in excess of 1000 °C, leading to tungsten oxide formation and its subsequent hazardous volatilisation. Here, the most challenging accident stage has been simulated, where the initial air-ingress could lead to extremely rapid air-flow rates. These conditions were simulated using an oxidising oxyacetylene flame. The separation between flame nozzle and sample was varied to permit peak surface temperatures of ~950–1400 °C. When the peak temperature was below 1300 °C, the cermet gained mass due to the dominance of oxide scale formation. Above 1300 °C, the samples transitioned into a mass loss regime. The mass loss regime was dominated by liquid-phase ablation of the scale rather than its volatilisation, which was confirmed by performing a systematic thermogravimetric kinetic analysis. The result was unexpected as in other candidate shielding materials, e.g. metallic tungsten, volatilisation is considered the primary dispersion mechanism. The unusual behaviour of the cermet scale is explained by its relatively low melting point and by the lower volatility of its FeWO4 scale compared to tungsten's WO3 scale. The substantially lower volatility of the WC cermet scale compared to metallic W scales indicates it may have a superior accident tolerance.
Graphical abstract [Display omitted]
•Tungsten carbide cermets subjected to nuclear fusion accident scenario conditions.•Cermets heated in oxyacetylene flame to 950–1400 °C.•At 1300 °C, sample transitioned from mass gain (oxidation) to mass loss (ablation).•Dominance of ablation in loss regime due to formation of FeWO4 with low melting point.•Volatility of scale is lower than for other shielding materials such as tungsten.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0263-4368</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2213-3917</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2020.105356</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Shrewsbury: Elsevier Ltd</publisher><subject>Ablation ; Accidents ; Air flow ; Cermets ; Extreme environments ; Flow velocity ; Liquid phases ; Melting points ; Neutron shielding ; Nozzles ; Nuclear fusion ; Oxidation ; Oxyacetylene ; Oxyacetylene flame ; Scale (corrosion) ; Scale formation ; Shielding ; Simulation ; Surface temperature ; Tungsten carbide ; Tungsten carbide cermet ; Volatility</subject><ispartof>International journal of refractory metals & hard materials, 2020-12, Vol.93, p.105356, Article 105356</ispartof><rights>2020 Elsevier Ltd</rights><rights>Copyright Elsevier BV Dec 2020</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c380t-1c765a81c481e58c1e8245b45248e2a93e275cf48d1a3bcc6342f86056881203</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c380t-1c765a81c481e58c1e8245b45248e2a93e275cf48d1a3bcc6342f86056881203</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2020.105356$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,3550,27924,27925,45995</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Humphry-Baker, Samuel A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ramanujam, Prabhu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Smith, George D.W.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Binner, Jon</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lee, William E.</creatorcontrib><title>Ablation resistance of tungsten carbide cermets under extreme conditions</title><title>International journal of refractory metals & hard materials</title><description>A cobalt-free tungsten carbide cermet (WC-FeNi) has been subjected to oxyacetylene flame tests to simulate extreme operating conditions such as a worst-case fusion reactor accident. In such an accident, air-ingress to the reactor may impinge on components operating at surface temperatures in excess of 1000 °C, leading to tungsten oxide formation and its subsequent hazardous volatilisation. Here, the most challenging accident stage has been simulated, where the initial air-ingress could lead to extremely rapid air-flow rates. These conditions were simulated using an oxidising oxyacetylene flame. The separation between flame nozzle and sample was varied to permit peak surface temperatures of ~950–1400 °C. When the peak temperature was below 1300 °C, the cermet gained mass due to the dominance of oxide scale formation. Above 1300 °C, the samples transitioned into a mass loss regime. The mass loss regime was dominated by liquid-phase ablation of the scale rather than its volatilisation, which was confirmed by performing a systematic thermogravimetric kinetic analysis. The result was unexpected as in other candidate shielding materials, e.g. metallic tungsten, volatilisation is considered the primary dispersion mechanism. The unusual behaviour of the cermet scale is explained by its relatively low melting point and by the lower volatility of its FeWO4 scale compared to tungsten's WO3 scale. The substantially lower volatility of the WC cermet scale compared to metallic W scales indicates it may have a superior accident tolerance.
Graphical abstract [Display omitted]
•Tungsten carbide cermets subjected to nuclear fusion accident scenario conditions.•Cermets heated in oxyacetylene flame to 950–1400 °C.•At 1300 °C, sample transitioned from mass gain (oxidation) to mass loss (ablation).•Dominance of ablation in loss regime due to formation of FeWO4 with low melting point.•Volatility of scale is lower than for other shielding materials such as tungsten.</description><subject>Ablation</subject><subject>Accidents</subject><subject>Air flow</subject><subject>Cermets</subject><subject>Extreme environments</subject><subject>Flow velocity</subject><subject>Liquid phases</subject><subject>Melting points</subject><subject>Neutron shielding</subject><subject>Nozzles</subject><subject>Nuclear fusion</subject><subject>Oxidation</subject><subject>Oxyacetylene</subject><subject>Oxyacetylene flame</subject><subject>Scale (corrosion)</subject><subject>Scale formation</subject><subject>Shielding</subject><subject>Simulation</subject><subject>Surface temperature</subject><subject>Tungsten carbide</subject><subject>Tungsten carbide cermet</subject><subject>Volatility</subject><issn>0263-4368</issn><issn>2213-3917</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2020</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNp9kE1LwzAYx4MoOKffwEPBc2fem12EMXQTBl52D2n6VFPWZCap6Le3pZ49PfDn_8LzQ-ie4BXBRD52K9fF_qNfUUwnSTAhL9CCUsJKtibVJVpgKlnJmVTX6CalDmMs15Is0H5Tn0x2wRcRkkvZeAtFaIs8-PeUwRfWxNo1UFiIPeRUDL6BWMB3jtCPavCNm-LpFl215pTg7u8u0fHl-bjdl4e33et2cygtUziXxFZSGEUsVwSEsgQU5aLmgnIF1KwZ0ErYlquGGFZbKxmnrZJYSKUIxWyJHubacwyfA6SsuzBEPy5qyiXBjFZcji4-u2wMKUVo9Tm63sQfTbCekOlOz8j0hEzPyMbY0xyD8YEvB1En62Ak0rgINusmuP8LfgFOnHXI</recordid><startdate>202012</startdate><enddate>202012</enddate><creator>Humphry-Baker, Samuel A.</creator><creator>Ramanujam, Prabhu</creator><creator>Smith, George D.W.</creator><creator>Binner, Jon</creator><creator>Lee, William E.</creator><general>Elsevier Ltd</general><general>Elsevier BV</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QQ</scope><scope>8BQ</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>JG9</scope></search><sort><creationdate>202012</creationdate><title>Ablation resistance of tungsten carbide cermets under extreme conditions</title><author>Humphry-Baker, Samuel A. ; Ramanujam, Prabhu ; Smith, George D.W. ; Binner, Jon ; Lee, William E.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c380t-1c765a81c481e58c1e8245b45248e2a93e275cf48d1a3bcc6342f86056881203</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2020</creationdate><topic>Ablation</topic><topic>Accidents</topic><topic>Air flow</topic><topic>Cermets</topic><topic>Extreme environments</topic><topic>Flow velocity</topic><topic>Liquid phases</topic><topic>Melting points</topic><topic>Neutron shielding</topic><topic>Nozzles</topic><topic>Nuclear fusion</topic><topic>Oxidation</topic><topic>Oxyacetylene</topic><topic>Oxyacetylene flame</topic><topic>Scale (corrosion)</topic><topic>Scale formation</topic><topic>Shielding</topic><topic>Simulation</topic><topic>Surface temperature</topic><topic>Tungsten carbide</topic><topic>Tungsten carbide cermet</topic><topic>Volatility</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Humphry-Baker, Samuel A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ramanujam, Prabhu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Smith, George D.W.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Binner, Jon</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lee, William E.</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Ceramic Abstracts</collection><collection>METADEX</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Materials Research Database</collection><jtitle>International journal of refractory metals & hard materials</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Humphry-Baker, Samuel A.</au><au>Ramanujam, Prabhu</au><au>Smith, George D.W.</au><au>Binner, Jon</au><au>Lee, William E.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Ablation resistance of tungsten carbide cermets under extreme conditions</atitle><jtitle>International journal of refractory metals & hard materials</jtitle><date>2020-12</date><risdate>2020</risdate><volume>93</volume><spage>105356</spage><pages>105356-</pages><artnum>105356</artnum><issn>0263-4368</issn><eissn>2213-3917</eissn><abstract>A cobalt-free tungsten carbide cermet (WC-FeNi) has been subjected to oxyacetylene flame tests to simulate extreme operating conditions such as a worst-case fusion reactor accident. In such an accident, air-ingress to the reactor may impinge on components operating at surface temperatures in excess of 1000 °C, leading to tungsten oxide formation and its subsequent hazardous volatilisation. Here, the most challenging accident stage has been simulated, where the initial air-ingress could lead to extremely rapid air-flow rates. These conditions were simulated using an oxidising oxyacetylene flame. The separation between flame nozzle and sample was varied to permit peak surface temperatures of ~950–1400 °C. When the peak temperature was below 1300 °C, the cermet gained mass due to the dominance of oxide scale formation. Above 1300 °C, the samples transitioned into a mass loss regime. The mass loss regime was dominated by liquid-phase ablation of the scale rather than its volatilisation, which was confirmed by performing a systematic thermogravimetric kinetic analysis. The result was unexpected as in other candidate shielding materials, e.g. metallic tungsten, volatilisation is considered the primary dispersion mechanism. The unusual behaviour of the cermet scale is explained by its relatively low melting point and by the lower volatility of its FeWO4 scale compared to tungsten's WO3 scale. The substantially lower volatility of the WC cermet scale compared to metallic W scales indicates it may have a superior accident tolerance.
Graphical abstract [Display omitted]
•Tungsten carbide cermets subjected to nuclear fusion accident scenario conditions.•Cermets heated in oxyacetylene flame to 950–1400 °C.•At 1300 °C, sample transitioned from mass gain (oxidation) to mass loss (ablation).•Dominance of ablation in loss regime due to formation of FeWO4 with low melting point.•Volatility of scale is lower than for other shielding materials such as tungsten.</abstract><cop>Shrewsbury</cop><pub>Elsevier Ltd</pub><doi>10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2020.105356</doi><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
fulltext | fulltext |
identifier | ISSN: 0263-4368 |
ispartof | International journal of refractory metals & hard materials, 2020-12, Vol.93, p.105356, Article 105356 |
issn | 0263-4368 2213-3917 |
language | eng |
recordid | cdi_proquest_journals_2461032746 |
source | Elsevier ScienceDirect Journals Complete |
subjects | Ablation Accidents Air flow Cermets Extreme environments Flow velocity Liquid phases Melting points Neutron shielding Nozzles Nuclear fusion Oxidation Oxyacetylene Oxyacetylene flame Scale (corrosion) Scale formation Shielding Simulation Surface temperature Tungsten carbide Tungsten carbide cermet Volatility |
title | Ablation resistance of tungsten carbide cermets under extreme conditions |
url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2024-12-24T12%3A39%3A25IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-proquest_cross&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ablation%20resistance%20of%20tungsten%20carbide%20cermets%20under%20extreme%20conditions&rft.jtitle=International%20journal%20of%20refractory%20metals%20&%20hard%20materials&rft.au=Humphry-Baker,%20Samuel%20A.&rft.date=2020-12&rft.volume=93&rft.spage=105356&rft.pages=105356-&rft.artnum=105356&rft.issn=0263-4368&rft.eissn=2213-3917&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2020.105356&rft_dat=%3Cproquest_cross%3E2461032746%3C/proquest_cross%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=2461032746&rft_id=info:pmid/&rft_els_id=S0263436820302328&rfr_iscdi=true |