Persistence of Bacteriophage Phi 6 on Porous and Nonporous Surfaces and the Potential for Its Use as an Ebola Virus or Coronavirus Surrogate
The infection of health care workers during the 2013 to 2016 Ebola outbreak raised concerns about fomite transmission. In the wake of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, investigations are ongoing to determine the role of fomites in coronavirus transmission as well. The bacteriophage p...
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| creator | Whitworth, Carrie Mu, Yi Houston, Hollis Martinez-Smith, Marla Noble-Wang, Judith Coulliette-Salmond, Angela Rose, Laura |
| description | The infection of health care workers during the 2013 to 2016 Ebola outbreak raised concerns about fomite transmission. In the wake of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, investigations are ongoing to determine the role of fomites in coronavirus transmission as well. The bacteriophage phi 6 has a phospholipid envelope and is commonly used in environmental studies as a surrogate for human enveloped viruses. The persistence of phi 6 was evaluated as a surrogate for Ebola virus (EBOV) and coronaviruses on porous and nonporous hospital surfaces. Phi 6 was suspended in a body fluid simulant and inoculated onto 1-cm
coupons of steel, plastic, and two fabric curtain types. The coupons were placed at two controlled absolute humidity (AH) levels: a low AH of 3.0 g/m
and a high AH of 14.4 g/m
Phi 6 declined at a lower rate on all materials under low-AH conditions, with a decay rate of 0.06-log
PFU/day to 0.11-log
PFU/day, than under the higher AH conditions, with a decay rate of 0.65-log
PFU/h to 1.42-log
PFU/day. There was a significant difference in decay rates between porous and nonporous surfaces at both low AH (
|
| doi_str_mv | 10.1128/AEM.01482-20 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_pubme</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_journals_2444676747</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>2444676747</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c412t-adb863635fca7c5c3841245b82f785d27efea4de6f85d8ca2dfd7b0854ac79853</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNpVkUtLAzEUhYMotj52riXg1qmZJDPJbAQtVQtVCz624U4maUfqpCYzBf-DP9rUqugqnHtPvnvgIHSUkkGaUnl2MbodkJRLmlCyhfopKWSSMZZvoz4hRZFQykkP7YXwQgjhJJe7qMdoVqRMyj76mBof6tCaRhvsLL4E3Rpfu-UcZgZP5zXOsWvw1HnXBQxNhe9cs9yoh85b0GYzbufR7iKnrWGBrfN43Ab8FAyGtQGPSrcA_Fz7-DEuhxHRwOpLRo53M2jNAdqxsAjm8PvdR09Xo8fhTTK5vx4PLyaJ5iltE6hKmbOcZVaD0JlmMo55VkpqhcwqKow1wCuT26ikBlrZSpREZhy0KGTG9tH5hrvsyldT6Rjaw0Itff0K_l05qNX_TVPP1cytlOCcSLIGnHwDvHvrTGjVi-t8EzMryjnPRS64iK7TjUt7F4I39vdCStS6OxW7U1_dKUqi_fhvql_zT1nsE3N8lxA</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2444676747</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Persistence of Bacteriophage Phi 6 on Porous and Nonporous Surfaces and the Potential for Its Use as an Ebola Virus or Coronavirus Surrogate</title><source>American Society for Microbiology</source><source>MEDLINE</source><source>PubMed Central</source><source>Alma/SFX Local Collection</source><creator>Whitworth, Carrie ; Mu, Yi ; Houston, Hollis ; Martinez-Smith, Marla ; Noble-Wang, Judith ; Coulliette-Salmond, Angela ; Rose, Laura</creator><contributor>Schaffner, Donald W.</contributor><creatorcontrib>Whitworth, Carrie ; Mu, Yi ; Houston, Hollis ; Martinez-Smith, Marla ; Noble-Wang, Judith ; Coulliette-Salmond, Angela ; Rose, Laura ; Schaffner, Donald W.</creatorcontrib><description>The infection of health care workers during the 2013 to 2016 Ebola outbreak raised concerns about fomite transmission. In the wake of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, investigations are ongoing to determine the role of fomites in coronavirus transmission as well. The bacteriophage phi 6 has a phospholipid envelope and is commonly used in environmental studies as a surrogate for human enveloped viruses. The persistence of phi 6 was evaluated as a surrogate for Ebola virus (EBOV) and coronaviruses on porous and nonporous hospital surfaces. Phi 6 was suspended in a body fluid simulant and inoculated onto 1-cm
coupons of steel, plastic, and two fabric curtain types. The coupons were placed at two controlled absolute humidity (AH) levels: a low AH of 3.0 g/m
and a high AH of 14.4 g/m
Phi 6 declined at a lower rate on all materials under low-AH conditions, with a decay rate of 0.06-log
PFU/day to 0.11-log
PFU/day, than under the higher AH conditions, with a decay rate of 0.65-log
PFU/h to 1.42-log
PFU/day. There was a significant difference in decay rates between porous and nonporous surfaces at both low AH (
< 0.0001) and high AH (
< 0.0001). Under these laboratory-simulated conditions, phi 6 was found to be a conservative surrogate for EBOV under low-AH conditions in that it persisted longer than Ebola virus in similar AH conditions. Additionally, some coronaviruses persist longer than phi 6 under similar conditions; therefore, phi 6 may not be a suitable surrogate for coronaviruses.
Understanding the persistence of enveloped viruses helps inform infection control practices and procedures in health care facilities and community settings. These data convey to public health investigators that enveloped viruses can persist and remain infective on surfaces, thus demonstrating a potential risk for transmission. Under these laboratory-simulated Western indoor hospital conditions, we assessed the suitability of phi 6 as a surrogate for environmental persistence research related to enveloped viruses, including EBOV and coronaviruses.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0099-2240</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1098-5336</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1128/AEM.01482-20</identifier><identifier>PMID: 32591388</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: American Society for Microbiology</publisher><subject>Absolute humidity ; Bacteriophage phi 6 - isolation & purification ; Bacteriophage phi 6 - physiology ; Betacoronavirus - physiology ; Body fluids ; Coronaviridae ; Coronavirus - isolation & purification ; Coronavirus - physiology ; Coronavirus Infections - transmission ; Coronavirus Infections - virology ; Coronaviruses ; COVID-19 ; Decay ; Decay rate ; Disease transmission ; Ebola virus ; Ebolavirus ; Ebolavirus - isolation & purification ; Ebolavirus - physiology ; Environmental Microbiology ; Environmental studies ; Fomites ; Fomites - virology ; Health care ; Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola - transmission ; Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola - virology ; Hospitals ; Humans ; Humidity ; Medical personnel ; Pandemics ; Phages ; Phospholipids ; Pneumonia, Viral - transmission ; Porosity ; Public and Environmental Health Microbiology ; Public health ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Spotlight ; Temperature ; Viral diseases ; Virus Inactivation ; Viruses</subject><ispartof>Applied and environmental microbiology, 2020-08, Vol.86 (17)</ispartof><rights>This is a work of the U.S. Government and is not subject to copyright protection in the United States. Foreign copyrights may apply.</rights><rights>Copyright American Society for Microbiology Sep 2020</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c412t-adb863635fca7c5c3841245b82f785d27efea4de6f85d8ca2dfd7b0854ac79853</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c412t-adb863635fca7c5c3841245b82f785d27efea4de6f85d8ca2dfd7b0854ac79853</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7440805/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7440805/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,885,3188,27924,27925,53791,53793</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32591388$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Schaffner, Donald W.</contributor><creatorcontrib>Whitworth, Carrie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mu, Yi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Houston, Hollis</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Martinez-Smith, Marla</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Noble-Wang, Judith</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Coulliette-Salmond, Angela</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rose, Laura</creatorcontrib><title>Persistence of Bacteriophage Phi 6 on Porous and Nonporous Surfaces and the Potential for Its Use as an Ebola Virus or Coronavirus Surrogate</title><title>Applied and environmental microbiology</title><addtitle>Appl Environ Microbiol</addtitle><description>The infection of health care workers during the 2013 to 2016 Ebola outbreak raised concerns about fomite transmission. In the wake of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, investigations are ongoing to determine the role of fomites in coronavirus transmission as well. The bacteriophage phi 6 has a phospholipid envelope and is commonly used in environmental studies as a surrogate for human enveloped viruses. The persistence of phi 6 was evaluated as a surrogate for Ebola virus (EBOV) and coronaviruses on porous and nonporous hospital surfaces. Phi 6 was suspended in a body fluid simulant and inoculated onto 1-cm
coupons of steel, plastic, and two fabric curtain types. The coupons were placed at two controlled absolute humidity (AH) levels: a low AH of 3.0 g/m
and a high AH of 14.4 g/m
Phi 6 declined at a lower rate on all materials under low-AH conditions, with a decay rate of 0.06-log
PFU/day to 0.11-log
PFU/day, than under the higher AH conditions, with a decay rate of 0.65-log
PFU/h to 1.42-log
PFU/day. There was a significant difference in decay rates between porous and nonporous surfaces at both low AH (
< 0.0001) and high AH (
< 0.0001). Under these laboratory-simulated conditions, phi 6 was found to be a conservative surrogate for EBOV under low-AH conditions in that it persisted longer than Ebola virus in similar AH conditions. Additionally, some coronaviruses persist longer than phi 6 under similar conditions; therefore, phi 6 may not be a suitable surrogate for coronaviruses.
Understanding the persistence of enveloped viruses helps inform infection control practices and procedures in health care facilities and community settings. These data convey to public health investigators that enveloped viruses can persist and remain infective on surfaces, thus demonstrating a potential risk for transmission. Under these laboratory-simulated Western indoor hospital conditions, we assessed the suitability of phi 6 as a surrogate for environmental persistence research related to enveloped viruses, including EBOV and coronaviruses.</description><subject>Absolute humidity</subject><subject>Bacteriophage phi 6 - isolation & purification</subject><subject>Bacteriophage phi 6 - physiology</subject><subject>Betacoronavirus - physiology</subject><subject>Body fluids</subject><subject>Coronaviridae</subject><subject>Coronavirus - isolation & purification</subject><subject>Coronavirus - physiology</subject><subject>Coronavirus Infections - transmission</subject><subject>Coronavirus Infections - virology</subject><subject>Coronaviruses</subject><subject>COVID-19</subject><subject>Decay</subject><subject>Decay rate</subject><subject>Disease transmission</subject><subject>Ebola virus</subject><subject>Ebolavirus</subject><subject>Ebolavirus - isolation & purification</subject><subject>Ebolavirus - physiology</subject><subject>Environmental Microbiology</subject><subject>Environmental studies</subject><subject>Fomites</subject><subject>Fomites - virology</subject><subject>Health care</subject><subject>Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola - transmission</subject><subject>Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola - virology</subject><subject>Hospitals</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Humidity</subject><subject>Medical personnel</subject><subject>Pandemics</subject><subject>Phages</subject><subject>Phospholipids</subject><subject>Pneumonia, Viral - transmission</subject><subject>Porosity</subject><subject>Public and Environmental Health Microbiology</subject><subject>Public health</subject><subject>SARS-CoV-2</subject><subject>Spotlight</subject><subject>Temperature</subject><subject>Viral diseases</subject><subject>Virus Inactivation</subject><subject>Viruses</subject><issn>0099-2240</issn><issn>1098-5336</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2020</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNpVkUtLAzEUhYMotj52riXg1qmZJDPJbAQtVQtVCz624U4maUfqpCYzBf-DP9rUqugqnHtPvnvgIHSUkkGaUnl2MbodkJRLmlCyhfopKWSSMZZvoz4hRZFQykkP7YXwQgjhJJe7qMdoVqRMyj76mBof6tCaRhvsLL4E3Rpfu-UcZgZP5zXOsWvw1HnXBQxNhe9cs9yoh85b0GYzbufR7iKnrWGBrfN43Ab8FAyGtQGPSrcA_Fz7-DEuhxHRwOpLRo53M2jNAdqxsAjm8PvdR09Xo8fhTTK5vx4PLyaJ5iltE6hKmbOcZVaD0JlmMo55VkpqhcwqKow1wCuT26ikBlrZSpREZhy0KGTG9tH5hrvsyldT6Rjaw0Itff0K_l05qNX_TVPP1cytlOCcSLIGnHwDvHvrTGjVi-t8EzMryjnPRS64iK7TjUt7F4I39vdCStS6OxW7U1_dKUqi_fhvql_zT1nsE3N8lxA</recordid><startdate>20200818</startdate><enddate>20200818</enddate><creator>Whitworth, Carrie</creator><creator>Mu, Yi</creator><creator>Houston, Hollis</creator><creator>Martinez-Smith, Marla</creator><creator>Noble-Wang, Judith</creator><creator>Coulliette-Salmond, Angela</creator><creator>Rose, Laura</creator><general>American Society for Microbiology</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7ST</scope><scope>7T7</scope><scope>7TM</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>SOI</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20200818</creationdate><title>Persistence of Bacteriophage Phi 6 on Porous and Nonporous Surfaces and the Potential for Its Use as an Ebola Virus or Coronavirus Surrogate</title><author>Whitworth, Carrie ; 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In the wake of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, investigations are ongoing to determine the role of fomites in coronavirus transmission as well. The bacteriophage phi 6 has a phospholipid envelope and is commonly used in environmental studies as a surrogate for human enveloped viruses. The persistence of phi 6 was evaluated as a surrogate for Ebola virus (EBOV) and coronaviruses on porous and nonporous hospital surfaces. Phi 6 was suspended in a body fluid simulant and inoculated onto 1-cm
coupons of steel, plastic, and two fabric curtain types. The coupons were placed at two controlled absolute humidity (AH) levels: a low AH of 3.0 g/m
and a high AH of 14.4 g/m
Phi 6 declined at a lower rate on all materials under low-AH conditions, with a decay rate of 0.06-log
PFU/day to 0.11-log
PFU/day, than under the higher AH conditions, with a decay rate of 0.65-log
PFU/h to 1.42-log
PFU/day. There was a significant difference in decay rates between porous and nonporous surfaces at both low AH (
< 0.0001) and high AH (
< 0.0001). Under these laboratory-simulated conditions, phi 6 was found to be a conservative surrogate for EBOV under low-AH conditions in that it persisted longer than Ebola virus in similar AH conditions. Additionally, some coronaviruses persist longer than phi 6 under similar conditions; therefore, phi 6 may not be a suitable surrogate for coronaviruses.
Understanding the persistence of enveloped viruses helps inform infection control practices and procedures in health care facilities and community settings. These data convey to public health investigators that enveloped viruses can persist and remain infective on surfaces, thus demonstrating a potential risk for transmission. Under these laboratory-simulated Western indoor hospital conditions, we assessed the suitability of phi 6 as a surrogate for environmental persistence research related to enveloped viruses, including EBOV and coronaviruses.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>American Society for Microbiology</pub><pmid>32591388</pmid><doi>10.1128/AEM.01482-20</doi><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Absolute humidity Bacteriophage phi 6 - isolation & purification Bacteriophage phi 6 - physiology Betacoronavirus - physiology Body fluids Coronaviridae Coronavirus - isolation & purification Coronavirus - physiology Coronavirus Infections - transmission Coronavirus Infections - virology Coronaviruses COVID-19 Decay Decay rate Disease transmission Ebola virus Ebolavirus Ebolavirus - isolation & purification Ebolavirus - physiology Environmental Microbiology Environmental studies Fomites Fomites - virology Health care Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola - transmission Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola - virology Hospitals Humans Humidity Medical personnel Pandemics Phages Phospholipids Pneumonia, Viral - transmission Porosity Public and Environmental Health Microbiology Public health SARS-CoV-2 Spotlight Temperature Viral diseases Virus Inactivation Viruses |
| title | Persistence of Bacteriophage Phi 6 on Porous and Nonporous Surfaces and the Potential for Its Use as an Ebola Virus or Coronavirus Surrogate |
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