Greening of grey infrastructure should not be used as a Trojan horse to facilitate coastal development

Climate change and coastal urbanization are driving the replacement of natural habitats with artificial structures and reclaimed land globally. These novel habitats are often poor surrogates for natural habitats. The application of integrated greening of grey infrastructure (IGGI) to artificial shor...

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Veröffentlicht in:The Journal of applied ecology 2020-09, Vol.57 (9), p.1762-1768
Hauptverfasser: Firth, Louise B., Airoldi, Laura, Bulleri, Fabio, Challinor, Steve, Chee, Su‐Yin, Evans, Ally J., Hanley, Mick E., Knights, Antony M., O'Shaughnessy, Kathryn, Thompson, Richard C., Hawkins, Stephen J., Coleman, Melinda
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container_end_page 1768
container_issue 9
container_start_page 1762
container_title The Journal of applied ecology
container_volume 57
creator Firth, Louise B.
Airoldi, Laura
Bulleri, Fabio
Challinor, Steve
Chee, Su‐Yin
Evans, Ally J.
Hanley, Mick E.
Knights, Antony M.
O'Shaughnessy, Kathryn
Thompson, Richard C.
Hawkins, Stephen J.
Coleman, Melinda
description Climate change and coastal urbanization are driving the replacement of natural habitats with artificial structures and reclaimed land globally. These novel habitats are often poor surrogates for natural habitats. The application of integrated greening of grey infrastructure (IGGI) to artificial shorelines demonstrates how multifunctional structures can provide biodiversity benefits whilst simultaneously serving their primary engineering function. IGGI is being embraced globally, despite many knowledge gaps and limitations. It is a management tool to compensate anthropogenic impacts as part of the Mitigation Hierarchy. There is considerable scope for misuse and ‘greenwashing’ however, by making new developments appear more acceptable, thus facilitating the regulatory process. We encourage researchers to exercise caution when reporting on small‐scale experimental trials. We advocate that greater attention is paid to when experiments ‘fail’ or yield unintended outcomes. We advise revisiting, repeating and expanding on experiments to test responses over broader spatio‐temporal scales to improve the evidence base. Synthesis and applications. Where societal and economic demand makes development inevitable, particular attention should be paid to avoiding, minimizing and rehabilitating environmental impacts. Integrated greening of grey infrastructure (IGGI) should be implemented as partial compensation for environmental damage. Mutual benefits for both humans and nature can be achieved when IGGI is implemented retrospectively in previously developed or degraded environments. We caution, however, that any promise of net biodiversity gain from new developments should be scrutinized and any local ecological benefits set in the context of the wider environmental impacts. A ‘greened’ development will always impinge on natural systems, a reality that is much less recognized in the sea than on land. Resumen Cambio climático y urbanización costera están causando el reemplazo de hábitats naturales con estructuras artificiales y aprovechamiento del territorio a nivel mundial. Estos nuevos hábitats a menudo son sustitutos pobres de los hábitats naturales. La aplicación de ‘Integrated greening of grey infrastructure’ (IGGI) a costas artificiales, demuestra como estructuras multifuncionales pueden proporcionar beneficios a la biodiversidad mientras cumplen simultáneamente su función principal. IGGI está siendo adoptada a nivel mundial, a pesar de un gran deficit en nuestro con
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These novel habitats are often poor surrogates for natural habitats. The application of integrated greening of grey infrastructure (IGGI) to artificial shorelines demonstrates how multifunctional structures can provide biodiversity benefits whilst simultaneously serving their primary engineering function. IGGI is being embraced globally, despite many knowledge gaps and limitations. It is a management tool to compensate anthropogenic impacts as part of the Mitigation Hierarchy. There is considerable scope for misuse and ‘greenwashing’ however, by making new developments appear more acceptable, thus facilitating the regulatory process. We encourage researchers to exercise caution when reporting on small‐scale experimental trials. We advocate that greater attention is paid to when experiments ‘fail’ or yield unintended outcomes. We advise revisiting, repeating and expanding on experiments to test responses over broader spatio‐temporal scales to improve the evidence base. Synthesis and applications. Where societal and economic demand makes development inevitable, particular attention should be paid to avoiding, minimizing and rehabilitating environmental impacts. Integrated greening of grey infrastructure (IGGI) should be implemented as partial compensation for environmental damage. Mutual benefits for both humans and nature can be achieved when IGGI is implemented retrospectively in previously developed or degraded environments. We caution, however, that any promise of net biodiversity gain from new developments should be scrutinized and any local ecological benefits set in the context of the wider environmental impacts. A ‘greened’ development will always impinge on natural systems, a reality that is much less recognized in the sea than on land. Resumen Cambio climático y urbanización costera están causando el reemplazo de hábitats naturales con estructuras artificiales y aprovechamiento del territorio a nivel mundial. Estos nuevos hábitats a menudo son sustitutos pobres de los hábitats naturales. La aplicación de ‘Integrated greening of grey infrastructure’ (IGGI) a costas artificiales, demuestra como estructuras multifuncionales pueden proporcionar beneficios a la biodiversidad mientras cumplen simultáneamente su función principal. IGGI está siendo adoptada a nivel mundial, a pesar de un gran deficit en nuestro conocimiento en cuanto a su efectifidad. Es una herramienta de gestión para compensar los impactos antropogénicos, usada como parte de la Jerarquía de Mitigación. Sin embargo, existe un margen considerable para que sea usada de forma inapropiada y como ‘ecoblanqueamiento’, hacienda que los nuevos explotaciones parezcan más aceptables, lo que facilita el proceso de regulación. Animamos a los investigadores a tener precaución al informar sobre pruebas experimentales desarrolladas a pequeña‐escala. Recomendamos que se preste mayor atención cuando los experimentos ‘fallan’ o producen resultados no deseados. Recomendamos revisar, repetir y ampliar los experimentos para evaluar las respuestas en escalas espacio‐temporales más amplias para mejorar la base empirica. Síntesis y aplicaciones. Donde la demanda social y económica hace que el desarrollo sea inevitable, se debe prestar especial atención a evitar, minimizar y rehabilitar el impacto ambiental. IGGI debe implementarse como compensación parcial por los daños ambientales. Se pueden lograr beneficios mutuos para los humanos y la naturaleza cuando IGGI se implementa retrospectivamente en entornos previamente‐desarrollados o degradados. Sin embargo, advertimos que cualquier promesa de ganancia neta de biodiversidad a partir de nuevos desarrollos debe ser analizada a fondo y cualquier beneficio ecológico local debe establecerse en el contexto de los impactos ambientales más amplios. Un desarrollo ‘ecológico’ siempre afectará a los ecosistemas naturales, una realidad que es mucho menos reconocida en el mar que en la tierra. Where societal and economic demand makes development inevitable, particular attention should be paid to avoiding, minimizing and rehabilitating environmental impacts. Integrated greening of grey infrastructure (IGGI) should be implemented as partial compensation for environmental damage. Mutual benefits for both humans and nature can be achieved when IGGI is implemented retrospectively in previously developed or degraded environments. We caution, however, that any promise of net biodiversity gain from new developments should be scrutinized and any local ecological benefits set in the context of the wider environmental impacts. 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These novel habitats are often poor surrogates for natural habitats. The application of integrated greening of grey infrastructure (IGGI) to artificial shorelines demonstrates how multifunctional structures can provide biodiversity benefits whilst simultaneously serving their primary engineering function. IGGI is being embraced globally, despite many knowledge gaps and limitations. It is a management tool to compensate anthropogenic impacts as part of the Mitigation Hierarchy. There is considerable scope for misuse and ‘greenwashing’ however, by making new developments appear more acceptable, thus facilitating the regulatory process. We encourage researchers to exercise caution when reporting on small‐scale experimental trials. We advocate that greater attention is paid to when experiments ‘fail’ or yield unintended outcomes. We advise revisiting, repeating and expanding on experiments to test responses over broader spatio‐temporal scales to improve the evidence base. Synthesis and applications. Where societal and economic demand makes development inevitable, particular attention should be paid to avoiding, minimizing and rehabilitating environmental impacts. Integrated greening of grey infrastructure (IGGI) should be implemented as partial compensation for environmental damage. Mutual benefits for both humans and nature can be achieved when IGGI is implemented retrospectively in previously developed or degraded environments. We caution, however, that any promise of net biodiversity gain from new developments should be scrutinized and any local ecological benefits set in the context of the wider environmental impacts. A ‘greened’ development will always impinge on natural systems, a reality that is much less recognized in the sea than on land. Resumen Cambio climático y urbanización costera están causando el reemplazo de hábitats naturales con estructuras artificiales y aprovechamiento del territorio a nivel mundial. Estos nuevos hábitats a menudo son sustitutos pobres de los hábitats naturales. La aplicación de ‘Integrated greening of grey infrastructure’ (IGGI) a costas artificiales, demuestra como estructuras multifuncionales pueden proporcionar beneficios a la biodiversidad mientras cumplen simultáneamente su función principal. IGGI está siendo adoptada a nivel mundial, a pesar de un gran deficit en nuestro conocimiento en cuanto a su efectifidad. Es una herramienta de gestión para compensar los impactos antropogénicos, usada como parte de la Jerarquía de Mitigación. Sin embargo, existe un margen considerable para que sea usada de forma inapropiada y como ‘ecoblanqueamiento’, hacienda que los nuevos explotaciones parezcan más aceptables, lo que facilita el proceso de regulación. Animamos a los investigadores a tener precaución al informar sobre pruebas experimentales desarrolladas a pequeña‐escala. Recomendamos que se preste mayor atención cuando los experimentos ‘fallan’ o producen resultados no deseados. Recomendamos revisar, repetir y ampliar los experimentos para evaluar las respuestas en escalas espacio‐temporales más amplias para mejorar la base empirica. Síntesis y aplicaciones. Donde la demanda social y económica hace que el desarrollo sea inevitable, se debe prestar especial atención a evitar, minimizar y rehabilitar el impacto ambiental. IGGI debe implementarse como compensación parcial por los daños ambientales. Se pueden lograr beneficios mutuos para los humanos y la naturaleza cuando IGGI se implementa retrospectivamente en entornos previamente‐desarrollados o degradados. Sin embargo, advertimos que cualquier promesa de ganancia neta de biodiversidad a partir de nuevos desarrollos debe ser analizada a fondo y cualquier beneficio ecológico local debe establecerse en el contexto de los impactos ambientales más amplios. Un desarrollo ‘ecológico’ siempre afectará a los ecosistemas naturales, una realidad que es mucho menos reconocida en el mar que en la tierra. Where societal and economic demand makes development inevitable, particular attention should be paid to avoiding, minimizing and rehabilitating environmental impacts. Integrated greening of grey infrastructure (IGGI) should be implemented as partial compensation for environmental damage. Mutual benefits for both humans and nature can be achieved when IGGI is implemented retrospectively in previously developed or degraded environments. We caution, however, that any promise of net biodiversity gain from new developments should be scrutinized and any local ecological benefits set in the context of the wider environmental impacts. 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These novel habitats are often poor surrogates for natural habitats. The application of integrated greening of grey infrastructure (IGGI) to artificial shorelines demonstrates how multifunctional structures can provide biodiversity benefits whilst simultaneously serving their primary engineering function. IGGI is being embraced globally, despite many knowledge gaps and limitations. It is a management tool to compensate anthropogenic impacts as part of the Mitigation Hierarchy. There is considerable scope for misuse and ‘greenwashing’ however, by making new developments appear more acceptable, thus facilitating the regulatory process. We encourage researchers to exercise caution when reporting on small‐scale experimental trials. We advocate that greater attention is paid to when experiments ‘fail’ or yield unintended outcomes. We advise revisiting, repeating and expanding on experiments to test responses over broader spatio‐temporal scales to improve the evidence base. Synthesis and applications. Where societal and economic demand makes development inevitable, particular attention should be paid to avoiding, minimizing and rehabilitating environmental impacts. Integrated greening of grey infrastructure (IGGI) should be implemented as partial compensation for environmental damage. Mutual benefits for both humans and nature can be achieved when IGGI is implemented retrospectively in previously developed or degraded environments. We caution, however, that any promise of net biodiversity gain from new developments should be scrutinized and any local ecological benefits set in the context of the wider environmental impacts. A ‘greened’ development will always impinge on natural systems, a reality that is much less recognized in the sea than on land. Resumen Cambio climático y urbanización costera están causando el reemplazo de hábitats naturales con estructuras artificiales y aprovechamiento del territorio a nivel mundial. Estos nuevos hábitats a menudo son sustitutos pobres de los hábitats naturales. La aplicación de ‘Integrated greening of grey infrastructure’ (IGGI) a costas artificiales, demuestra como estructuras multifuncionales pueden proporcionar beneficios a la biodiversidad mientras cumplen simultáneamente su función principal. IGGI está siendo adoptada a nivel mundial, a pesar de un gran deficit en nuestro conocimiento en cuanto a su efectifidad. Es una herramienta de gestión para compensar los impactos antropogénicos, usada como parte de la Jerarquía de Mitigación. Sin embargo, existe un margen considerable para que sea usada de forma inapropiada y como ‘ecoblanqueamiento’, hacienda que los nuevos explotaciones parezcan más aceptables, lo que facilita el proceso de regulación. Animamos a los investigadores a tener precaución al informar sobre pruebas experimentales desarrolladas a pequeña‐escala. Recomendamos que se preste mayor atención cuando los experimentos ‘fallan’ o producen resultados no deseados. Recomendamos revisar, repetir y ampliar los experimentos para evaluar las respuestas en escalas espacio‐temporales más amplias para mejorar la base empirica. Síntesis y aplicaciones. Donde la demanda social y económica hace que el desarrollo sea inevitable, se debe prestar especial atención a evitar, minimizar y rehabilitar el impacto ambiental. IGGI debe implementarse como compensación parcial por los daños ambientales. Se pueden lograr beneficios mutuos para los humanos y la naturaleza cuando IGGI se implementa retrospectivamente en entornos previamente‐desarrollados o degradados. Sin embargo, advertimos que cualquier promesa de ganancia neta de biodiversidad a partir de nuevos desarrollos debe ser analizada a fondo y cualquier beneficio ecológico local debe establecerse en el contexto de los impactos ambientales más amplios. Un desarrollo ‘ecológico’ siempre afectará a los ecosistemas naturales, una realidad que es mucho menos reconocida en el mar que en la tierra. Where societal and economic demand makes development inevitable, particular attention should be paid to avoiding, minimizing and rehabilitating environmental impacts. Integrated greening of grey infrastructure (IGGI) should be implemented as partial compensation for environmental damage. Mutual benefits for both humans and nature can be achieved when IGGI is implemented retrospectively in previously developed or degraded environments. We caution, however, that any promise of net biodiversity gain from new developments should be scrutinized and any local ecological benefits set in the context of the wider environmental impacts. 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subjects Anthropogenic factors
Biodiversity
biodiversity offsetting
Climate change
Coastal development
dual‐use dilemma
environmental damage
Environmental degradation
Environmental impact
Greening
Greenwashing
Habitats
Human influences
Infrastructure
integrated greening of grey infrastructure
Land reclamation
marine planning
Mitigation
mitigation hierarchy
Multifunctional structures
novel ecosystem
Reclaimed land
Shorelines
sustainable development
Urbanization
title Greening of grey infrastructure should not be used as a Trojan horse to facilitate coastal development
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