Evaluation of Phenolic Compound Toxicity Using a Bioluminescent Assay with the Fungus Gerronema viridilucens
Basidiomycetes (phylum Basidiomycota) are filamentous fungi characterized by the exogenous formation of spores on a club‐shaped cell called a basidium that are often formed on complex fruiting bodies (mushrooms). Many basidiomycetes serve an important role in recycling lignocellulosic material to hi...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Environmental toxicology and chemistry 2020-08, Vol.39 (8), p.1558-1565 |
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| creator | Ventura, Fernanda F. Mendes, Luiz F. Oliveira, Anderson G. Bazito, Reinaldo C. Bechara, Etelvino J.H. Freire, Renato S. Stevani, Cassius V. |
| description | Basidiomycetes (phylum Basidiomycota) are filamentous fungi characterized by the exogenous formation of spores on a club‐shaped cell called a basidium that are often formed on complex fruiting bodies (mushrooms). Many basidiomycetes serve an important role in recycling lignocellulosic material to higher trophic levels, and some show symbiotic relationships with plants. All known bioluminescent fungi are mushroom‐forming basidiomycetes in the order Agaricales. Hence, the disruption of the basidiomycete community can entirely compromise the carbon cycle in nature from fungi to higher trophic levels. The fungus Gerronema viridilucens was used in the present study to investigate the toxicity of a phenolic compound series based on the inhibition of its bioluminescence. The median effect concentration (EC50) obtained from curves of bioluminescence inhibition versus log [phenolic compound] showed that 2,4,6‐trichlorophenol was the most toxic compound in the series. The log EC50 values of all phenolic compounds were then used for the prediction of their toxicity. The univariate correlation of log EC50 values obtained from 6 different phenolic compounds was stronger with the dissociation constant (pKa) than with 1‐octanol/water partition coefficient (KOW). Nevertheless, the toxicity can be better predicted by using both parameters, suggesting that the phenol‐driven uncoupling of fungus mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate synthesis is the origin of phenolic compound toxicity to the test fungus. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:1558–1565. © 2020 SETAC |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1002/etc.4740 |
| format | Article |
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Many basidiomycetes serve an important role in recycling lignocellulosic material to higher trophic levels, and some show symbiotic relationships with plants. All known bioluminescent fungi are mushroom‐forming basidiomycetes in the order Agaricales. Hence, the disruption of the basidiomycete community can entirely compromise the carbon cycle in nature from fungi to higher trophic levels. The fungus Gerronema viridilucens was used in the present study to investigate the toxicity of a phenolic compound series based on the inhibition of its bioluminescence. The median effect concentration (EC50) obtained from curves of bioluminescence inhibition versus log [phenolic compound] showed that 2,4,6‐trichlorophenol was the most toxic compound in the series. The log EC50 values of all phenolic compounds were then used for the prediction of their toxicity. The univariate correlation of log EC50 values obtained from 6 different phenolic compounds was stronger with the dissociation constant (pKa) than with 1‐octanol/water partition coefficient (KOW). Nevertheless, the toxicity can be better predicted by using both parameters, suggesting that the phenol‐driven uncoupling of fungus mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate synthesis is the origin of phenolic compound toxicity to the test fungus. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:1558–1565. © 2020 SETAC</description><identifier>ISSN: 0730-7268</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1552-8618</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1002/etc.4740</identifier><identifier>PMID: 32367555</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><subject>Adenosine triphosphate ; Adenosine Triphosphate - biosynthesis ; Agaricales - drug effects ; Agaricales - metabolism ; ATP ; Basidiocarps ; Basidiomycota ; Bioluminescence ; Caffeic acid cycle ; Carbon cycle ; Fruit bodies ; Fungi ; Lignocellulose ; Linear Models ; Luciferase ; Luminescent Measurements ; Mitochondria ; Mitochondria - drug effects ; Mitochondria - metabolism ; Mitochondrial impairment ; Mushrooms ; Octanol-water partition coefficients ; Phenolic compounds ; Phenols ; Phenols - toxicity ; Spores ; Toxicity ; Toxicity testing ; Toxicity Tests ; Trichlorophenol ; Trichlorophenols ; Trophic levels ; Tropical ecotoxicology ; Water - metabolism</subject><ispartof>Environmental toxicology and chemistry, 2020-08, Vol.39 (8), p.1558-1565</ispartof><rights>2020 SETAC</rights><rights>2020 SETAC.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3860-418df2833bd44e89ed84ed1291c04127b8234e6fe4107768abd319551f1b48083</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3860-418df2833bd44e89ed84ed1291c04127b8234e6fe4107768abd319551f1b48083</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-7209-7476</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002%2Fetc.4740$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002%2Fetc.4740$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,1417,27924,27925,45574,45575</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32367555$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Ventura, Fernanda F.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mendes, Luiz F.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Oliveira, Anderson G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bazito, Reinaldo C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bechara, Etelvino J.H.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Freire, Renato S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Stevani, Cassius V.</creatorcontrib><title>Evaluation of Phenolic Compound Toxicity Using a Bioluminescent Assay with the Fungus Gerronema viridilucens</title><title>Environmental toxicology and chemistry</title><addtitle>Environ Toxicol Chem</addtitle><description>Basidiomycetes (phylum Basidiomycota) are filamentous fungi characterized by the exogenous formation of spores on a club‐shaped cell called a basidium that are often formed on complex fruiting bodies (mushrooms). Many basidiomycetes serve an important role in recycling lignocellulosic material to higher trophic levels, and some show symbiotic relationships with plants. All known bioluminescent fungi are mushroom‐forming basidiomycetes in the order Agaricales. Hence, the disruption of the basidiomycete community can entirely compromise the carbon cycle in nature from fungi to higher trophic levels. The fungus Gerronema viridilucens was used in the present study to investigate the toxicity of a phenolic compound series based on the inhibition of its bioluminescence. The median effect concentration (EC50) obtained from curves of bioluminescence inhibition versus log [phenolic compound] showed that 2,4,6‐trichlorophenol was the most toxic compound in the series. The log EC50 values of all phenolic compounds were then used for the prediction of their toxicity. The univariate correlation of log EC50 values obtained from 6 different phenolic compounds was stronger with the dissociation constant (pKa) than with 1‐octanol/water partition coefficient (KOW). Nevertheless, the toxicity can be better predicted by using both parameters, suggesting that the phenol‐driven uncoupling of fungus mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate synthesis is the origin of phenolic compound toxicity to the test fungus. 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Many basidiomycetes serve an important role in recycling lignocellulosic material to higher trophic levels, and some show symbiotic relationships with plants. All known bioluminescent fungi are mushroom‐forming basidiomycetes in the order Agaricales. Hence, the disruption of the basidiomycete community can entirely compromise the carbon cycle in nature from fungi to higher trophic levels. The fungus Gerronema viridilucens was used in the present study to investigate the toxicity of a phenolic compound series based on the inhibition of its bioluminescence. The median effect concentration (EC50) obtained from curves of bioluminescence inhibition versus log [phenolic compound] showed that 2,4,6‐trichlorophenol was the most toxic compound in the series. The log EC50 values of all phenolic compounds were then used for the prediction of their toxicity. The univariate correlation of log EC50 values obtained from 6 different phenolic compounds was stronger with the dissociation constant (pKa) than with 1‐octanol/water partition coefficient (KOW). Nevertheless, the toxicity can be better predicted by using both parameters, suggesting that the phenol‐driven uncoupling of fungus mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate synthesis is the origin of phenolic compound toxicity to the test fungus. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:1558–1565. © 2020 SETAC</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</pub><pmid>32367555</pmid><doi>10.1002/etc.4740</doi><tpages>8</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7209-7476</orcidid></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Adenosine triphosphate Adenosine Triphosphate - biosynthesis Agaricales - drug effects Agaricales - metabolism ATP Basidiocarps Basidiomycota Bioluminescence Caffeic acid cycle Carbon cycle Fruit bodies Fungi Lignocellulose Linear Models Luciferase Luminescent Measurements Mitochondria Mitochondria - drug effects Mitochondria - metabolism Mitochondrial impairment Mushrooms Octanol-water partition coefficients Phenolic compounds Phenols Phenols - toxicity Spores Toxicity Toxicity testing Toxicity Tests Trichlorophenol Trichlorophenols Trophic levels Tropical ecotoxicology Water - metabolism |
| title | Evaluation of Phenolic Compound Toxicity Using a Bioluminescent Assay with the Fungus Gerronema viridilucens |
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