Life in a harsh environment: the effects of age, sex, reproductive condition, and season on hair cortisol concentration in a wild non-human primate
Hair cortisol concentration (HCC) provides a long-term retrospective measure of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity, and is increasingly used to assess the life history, health and ecology of wild mammals. Given that sex, age, season and pregnancy influence HCC, and that it may indicate ong...
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| description | Hair cortisol concentration (HCC) provides a long-term retrospective measure of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity, and is increasingly used to assess the life history, health and ecology of wild mammals. Given that sex, age, season and pregnancy influence HCC, and that it may indicate ongoing stress, we examined HCC in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) naturally inhabiting a hot and dry semi-desert like habitat, Caatinga, in northeastern Brazil. We trapped, measured, weighed, marked and collected shaved hair from the back of the neck of 61 wild marmosets during the wet and dry seasons. Using enzyme immunoassay, we found that HCC was higher in the dry season compared with the wet season among all age/sex classes. Females had significantly higher HCC than males, juveniles had higher HCC than adults, and reproductively active adult females and nonpregnant/non lactating adult females did not differ in HCC. There were no interaction effects of sex, age, group, or season on HCC. The magnitude of the effect of this extremely hot and dry environment (average yearly rainfall was only 271 mm) on HCC in common marmosets is difficult to ascertain as these animals are also experiencing a variety of other stressors. However, the elevated HCC seen in common marmosets during the 5-8 month dry season, suggests these primates face an extended period of heat, water and possibly nutritional stress, which appears to result in a high rate of juvenile mortality. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.7717/peerj.9365 |
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Given that sex, age, season and pregnancy influence HCC, and that it may indicate ongoing stress, we examined HCC in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) naturally inhabiting a hot and dry semi-desert like habitat, Caatinga, in northeastern Brazil. We trapped, measured, weighed, marked and collected shaved hair from the back of the neck of 61 wild marmosets during the wet and dry seasons. Using enzyme immunoassay, we found that HCC was higher in the dry season compared with the wet season among all age/sex classes. Females had significantly higher HCC than males, juveniles had higher HCC than adults, and reproductively active adult females and nonpregnant/non lactating adult females did not differ in HCC. There were no interaction effects of sex, age, group, or season on HCC. The magnitude of the effect of this extremely hot and dry environment (average yearly rainfall was only 271 mm) on HCC in common marmosets is difficult to ascertain as these animals are also experiencing a variety of other stressors. However, the elevated HCC seen in common marmosets during the 5-8 month dry season, suggests these primates face an extended period of heat, water and possibly nutritional stress, which appears to result in a high rate of juvenile mortality.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2167-8359</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2167-8359</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9365</identifier><identifier>PMID: 32612889</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>LONDON: Peerj Inc</publisher><subject>Adults ; Age ; Animal Behavior ; Anthropology ; Babies ; Caatinga ; Callithrix jacchus ; Common marmosets ; Cortisol ; Drought ; Environmental stress ; Enzyme immunoassay ; Females ; Gender differences ; Hair ; Heat ; Hormones ; Hypothalamus ; Juveniles ; Life history ; Males ; Multidisciplinary Sciences ; Nutrient deficiency ; Physiology ; Pituitary ; Pregnancy ; Productivity ; Rain ; Rainfall ; Science & Technology ; Science & Technology - Other Topics ; Sex ; Zoology</subject><ispartof>PeerJ (San Francisco, CA), 2020-06, Vol.8, p.e9365, Article 9365</ispartof><rights>2020 Garber et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. For attribution, the original author(s), title, publication source (PeerJ) and either DOI or URL of the article must be cited. 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Given that sex, age, season and pregnancy influence HCC, and that it may indicate ongoing stress, we examined HCC in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) naturally inhabiting a hot and dry semi-desert like habitat, Caatinga, in northeastern Brazil. We trapped, measured, weighed, marked and collected shaved hair from the back of the neck of 61 wild marmosets during the wet and dry seasons. Using enzyme immunoassay, we found that HCC was higher in the dry season compared with the wet season among all age/sex classes. Females had significantly higher HCC than males, juveniles had higher HCC than adults, and reproductively active adult females and nonpregnant/non lactating adult females did not differ in HCC. There were no interaction effects of sex, age, group, or season on HCC. The magnitude of the effect of this extremely hot and dry environment (average yearly rainfall was only 271 mm) on HCC in common marmosets is difficult to ascertain as these animals are also experiencing a variety of other stressors. 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| subjects | Adults Age Animal Behavior Anthropology Babies Caatinga Callithrix jacchus Common marmosets Cortisol Drought Environmental stress Enzyme immunoassay Females Gender differences Hair Heat Hormones Hypothalamus Juveniles Life history Males Multidisciplinary Sciences Nutrient deficiency Physiology Pituitary Pregnancy Productivity Rain Rainfall Science & Technology Science & Technology - Other Topics Sex Zoology |
| title | Life in a harsh environment: the effects of age, sex, reproductive condition, and season on hair cortisol concentration in a wild non-human primate |
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