Loofah Sponges as Bio-Carriers in a Pilot-Scale Integrated Fixed-Film Activated Sludge System for Municipal Wastewater Treatment
Fixed-film biofilm reactors are considered one of the most effective wastewater treatment processes, however, the cost of their plastic bio-carriers makes them less attractive for application in developing countries. This study evaluated loofah sponges, an eco-friendly renewable agricultural product...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Sustainability 2020-06, Vol.12 (11), p.4758 |
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| creator | Dang, Huyen T.T. Dinh, Cuong V. Nguyen, Khai M. Tran, Nga T.H. Pham, Thuy T. Narbaitz, Roberto M. |
| description | Fixed-film biofilm reactors are considered one of the most effective wastewater treatment processes, however, the cost of their plastic bio-carriers makes them less attractive for application in developing countries. This study evaluated loofah sponges, an eco-friendly renewable agricultural product, as bio-carriers in a pilot-scale integrated fixed-film activated sludge (IFAS) system for the treatment of municipal wastewater. Tests showed that pristine loofah sponges disintegrated within two weeks resulting in a decrease in the treatment efficiencies. Accordingly, loofah sponges were modified by coating them with CaCO3 and polymer. IFAS pilot tests using the modified loofah sponges achieved 83% organic removal and 71% total nitrogen removal and met Vietnam’s wastewater effluent discharge standards. The system achieved considerably high levels of nitrification and it was not limited by the loading rate or dissolved oxygen levels. Cell concentrations in the carriers were twenty to forty times higher than those within the aeration tank. Through 16S-rRNA sequencing, the major micro-organism types identified were Kluyvera cryocrescens, Exiguobacterium indicum, Bacillus tropicus, Aeromonas hydrophila, Enterobacter cloacae, and Pseudomonas turukhanskensis. This study demonstrated that although modified loofah sponges are effective renewable bio-carriers for municipal wastewater treatment, longer-term testing is recommended. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.3390/su12114758 |
| format | Article |
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This study evaluated loofah sponges, an eco-friendly renewable agricultural product, as bio-carriers in a pilot-scale integrated fixed-film activated sludge (IFAS) system for the treatment of municipal wastewater. Tests showed that pristine loofah sponges disintegrated within two weeks resulting in a decrease in the treatment efficiencies. Accordingly, loofah sponges were modified by coating them with CaCO3 and polymer. IFAS pilot tests using the modified loofah sponges achieved 83% organic removal and 71% total nitrogen removal and met Vietnam’s wastewater effluent discharge standards. The system achieved considerably high levels of nitrification and it was not limited by the loading rate or dissolved oxygen levels. Cell concentrations in the carriers were twenty to forty times higher than those within the aeration tank. Through 16S-rRNA sequencing, the major micro-organism types identified were Kluyvera cryocrescens, Exiguobacterium indicum, Bacillus tropicus, Aeromonas hydrophila, Enterobacter cloacae, and Pseudomonas turukhanskensis. This study demonstrated that although modified loofah sponges are effective renewable bio-carriers for municipal wastewater treatment, longer-term testing is recommended.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2071-1050</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2071-1050</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/su12114758</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Basel: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Activated sludge ; Biofilms ; Biomass ; Bioreactors ; Calcium carbonate ; Carrier density ; Chemical oxygen demand ; Composite materials ; Developing countries ; Disintegration ; Dissolved oxygen ; Effluent standards ; Enterobacter cloacae ; Experiments ; LDCs ; Lignin ; Load distribution ; Loading rate ; Municipal wastewater ; Nitrification ; Nitrogen ; Nitrogen removal ; Polymers ; Retention ; rRNA 16S ; Sedimentation & deposition ; Sludge ; Sponges ; Sustainability ; Wastewater discharges ; Wastewater treatment ; Water treatment</subject><ispartof>Sustainability, 2020-06, Vol.12 (11), p.4758</ispartof><rights>2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c295t-69b578a027717f0c90c77953bb693a291f6d36ea0ec747dfbb4d38318d511ed03</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c295t-69b578a027717f0c90c77953bb693a291f6d36ea0ec747dfbb4d38318d511ed03</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-9084-8595 ; 0000-0002-0285-8567 ; 0000-0001-5561-4796</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Dang, Huyen T.T.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dinh, Cuong V.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nguyen, Khai M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tran, Nga T.H.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pham, Thuy T.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Narbaitz, Roberto M.</creatorcontrib><title>Loofah Sponges as Bio-Carriers in a Pilot-Scale Integrated Fixed-Film Activated Sludge System for Municipal Wastewater Treatment</title><title>Sustainability</title><description>Fixed-film biofilm reactors are considered one of the most effective wastewater treatment processes, however, the cost of their plastic bio-carriers makes them less attractive for application in developing countries. 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Through 16S-rRNA sequencing, the major micro-organism types identified were Kluyvera cryocrescens, Exiguobacterium indicum, Bacillus tropicus, Aeromonas hydrophila, Enterobacter cloacae, and Pseudomonas turukhanskensis. 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| subjects | Activated sludge Biofilms Biomass Bioreactors Calcium carbonate Carrier density Chemical oxygen demand Composite materials Developing countries Disintegration Dissolved oxygen Effluent standards Enterobacter cloacae Experiments LDCs Lignin Load distribution Loading rate Municipal wastewater Nitrification Nitrogen Nitrogen removal Polymers Retention rRNA 16S Sedimentation & deposition Sludge Sponges Sustainability Wastewater discharges Wastewater treatment Water treatment |
| title | Loofah Sponges as Bio-Carriers in a Pilot-Scale Integrated Fixed-Film Activated Sludge System for Municipal Wastewater Treatment |
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