Invasive grasses in South Texas rangelands: historical perspectives and future directions

South Texas is home to a high diversity of species due to its location at the confluence of subtropical, desert, and coastal ecoregions. Historical overgrazing of South Texas rangelands transformed the savanna and prairie to a landscape dominated by woody plants and shrubs interspersed with low sera...

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Veröffentlicht in:Invasive plant science and management 2020-06, Vol.13 (2), p.41-58
Hauptverfasser: Wied, Justin P, Perotto-Baldivieso, Humberto L, Conkey, April A. T, Brennan, Leonard A, Mata, José M
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Conkey, April A. T
Brennan, Leonard A
Mata, José M
description South Texas is home to a high diversity of species due to its location at the confluence of subtropical, desert, and coastal ecoregions. Historical overgrazing of South Texas rangelands transformed the savanna and prairie to a landscape dominated by woody plants and shrubs interspersed with low seral grass species and bare ground. During the first half of the 20th century, exotic grass species, coupled with the application of industrial agricultural practices appeared to be the future of forage production in South Texas and elsewhere. Several of these exotic species, namely King Ranch bluestem [Bothriochloa ischaemum (L.) Keng], Kleberg bluestem [Dichanthium annulatum (Forssk.) Stapf], Angelton bluestem [Dichanthium aristatum (Poir.) C.E. Hubbard], buffelgrass [Pennisetum ciliare (L.) Link], guineagrass [Urochloa maxima (Jacq.) R. Webster], Lehmann lovegrass (Eragrostis lehmanniana Nees), and Bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.], have escaped pasture cultivation. Additionally, the native grass tanglehead [Heteropogon contortus (L.) P. Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult.] has begun displaying invasive behaviors. The monoculture growth habit of these species simplifies vegetation structure, reduces biodiversity, and decreases habitat for many species of wildlife. These grasses also alter natural fire regimes and nutrient cycling. This landscape-level transformation of vegetation composition and structure requires monitoring to quantify and assess the spatial and temporal distributions of invasive species as a basis to inform management practices. Current advances in remote sensing technologies, such as very high spatial resolution coupled with daily satellite imagery and unmanned aerial vehicles, are providing tools for invasive vegetation monitoring. We provide a synthesis of the natural history of these grasses, including their introductions, an overview of remote sensing applications in South Texas, and recommendations for future management practices.
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subjects Agricultural practices
Bermudagrass
Biodiversity
buffelgrass
Cultivation
Cynodon dactylon
Drought
Eragrostis lehmanniana
Flowers & plants
Foraging habitats
Genetic transformation
Grasses
guineagrass
Imagery
Introduced species
Invasive species
Landscape
Lehmann lovegrass
Monitoring
Monoculture
Monoculture (aquaculture)
Nutrient cycles
Old World bluestems
Pasture
Rangelands
Remote sensing
Reptiles & amphibians
REVIEW
Satellite imagery
Savannahs
Shrubs
Soil erosion
Spaceborne remote sensing
Spatial discrimination
Spatial resolution
Species diversity
tanglehead
Unmanned aerial vehicles
Vegetation
Wildlife
Wildlife habitats
Wildlife management
Woody plants
title Invasive grasses in South Texas rangelands: historical perspectives and future directions
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