Testing the Limits and Breakdown of the Nonacceleration Theorem for Orographic Stationary Waves
The nonacceleration theorem states that the torque exerted on the atmosphere by orography is exactly balanced by the convergence of momentum by the stationary waves that the orography excites. This balance is tested in simulations with a stationary wave model and with a dry, idealized general circul...
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description | The nonacceleration theorem states that the torque exerted on the atmosphere by orography is exactly balanced by the convergence of momentum by the stationary waves that the orography excites. This balance is tested in simulations with a stationary wave model and with a dry, idealized general circulation model (GCM), in which large-scale orography is placed at the latitude of maximum surface wind speed. For the smallest mountain considered (maximum height
H
= 0.5 m), the nonacceleration balance is nearly met, but the damping in the stationary wave model induces an offset between the stationary eddy momentum flux (EMF) convergence and the mountain torque, leading to residual mean flow changes. A stationary nonlinearity appears for larger mountains (
H
≥ 10 m), driven by preferential deflection of the flow around the poleward flank of the orography, and causes further breakdown of the nonacceleration balance. The nonlinearity grows as
H
is increased, and is stronger in the GCM than in the stationary wave model, likely due to interactions with transient eddies. The midlatitude jet shifts poleward for
H
≤ 2 km and equatorward for larger mountains, reflecting changes in the transient EMFs, which push the jet poleward for smaller mountains and equatorward for larger mountains. The stationary EMFs consistently force the jet poleward. These results add to our understanding of how orography affects the atmosphere’s momentum budget, providing insight into how the nonacceleration theorem breaks down; the roles of stationary nonlinearities and transients; and how orography affects the strength and latitude of eddy-driven jets. |
doi_str_mv | 10.1175/JAS-D-19-0310.1 |
format | Article |
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H
= 0.5 m), the nonacceleration balance is nearly met, but the damping in the stationary wave model induces an offset between the stationary eddy momentum flux (EMF) convergence and the mountain torque, leading to residual mean flow changes. A stationary nonlinearity appears for larger mountains (
H
≥ 10 m), driven by preferential deflection of the flow around the poleward flank of the orography, and causes further breakdown of the nonacceleration balance. The nonlinearity grows as
H
is increased, and is stronger in the GCM than in the stationary wave model, likely due to interactions with transient eddies. The midlatitude jet shifts poleward for
H
≤ 2 km and equatorward for larger mountains, reflecting changes in the transient EMFs, which push the jet poleward for smaller mountains and equatorward for larger mountains. The stationary EMFs consistently force the jet poleward. These results add to our understanding of how orography affects the atmosphere’s momentum budget, providing insight into how the nonacceleration theorem breaks down; the roles of stationary nonlinearities and transients; and how orography affects the strength and latitude of eddy-driven jets.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0022-4928</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1520-0469</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1175/JAS-D-19-0310.1</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Boston: American Meteorological Society</publisher><subject>Atmosphere ; Breakdown ; Computer simulation ; Convergence ; Cyclones ; Damping ; Eddies ; Eddy momentum flux ; Electromagnetic fields ; General circulation models ; Gravitational waves ; Latitude ; Momentum ; Momentum budget ; Momentum flux ; Momentum transfer ; Mountains ; Nonlinear systems ; Nonlinearity ; Orography ; Simulation ; Standing waves ; Surface wind ; Theorems ; Topography ; Torque ; Vortices ; Wind speed</subject><ispartof>Journal of the atmospheric sciences, 2020-05, Vol.77 (5), p.1513-1529</ispartof><rights>Copyright American Meteorological Society May 2020</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c223t-8f187f5106172e4668384297887c118884f0acc4535ec664f218952fbc9299ab3</cites><orcidid>0000-0003-2733-7810</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,3668,27901,27902</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Lutsko, Nicholas J.</creatorcontrib><title>Testing the Limits and Breakdown of the Nonacceleration Theorem for Orographic Stationary Waves</title><title>Journal of the atmospheric sciences</title><description>The nonacceleration theorem states that the torque exerted on the atmosphere by orography is exactly balanced by the convergence of momentum by the stationary waves that the orography excites. This balance is tested in simulations with a stationary wave model and with a dry, idealized general circulation model (GCM), in which large-scale orography is placed at the latitude of maximum surface wind speed. For the smallest mountain considered (maximum height
H
= 0.5 m), the nonacceleration balance is nearly met, but the damping in the stationary wave model induces an offset between the stationary eddy momentum flux (EMF) convergence and the mountain torque, leading to residual mean flow changes. A stationary nonlinearity appears for larger mountains (
H
≥ 10 m), driven by preferential deflection of the flow around the poleward flank of the orography, and causes further breakdown of the nonacceleration balance. The nonlinearity grows as
H
is increased, and is stronger in the GCM than in the stationary wave model, likely due to interactions with transient eddies. The midlatitude jet shifts poleward for
H
≤ 2 km and equatorward for larger mountains, reflecting changes in the transient EMFs, which push the jet poleward for smaller mountains and equatorward for larger mountains. The stationary EMFs consistently force the jet poleward. These results add to our understanding of how orography affects the atmosphere’s momentum budget, providing insight into how the nonacceleration theorem breaks down; the roles of stationary nonlinearities and transients; and how orography affects the strength and latitude of eddy-driven jets.</description><subject>Atmosphere</subject><subject>Breakdown</subject><subject>Computer simulation</subject><subject>Convergence</subject><subject>Cyclones</subject><subject>Damping</subject><subject>Eddies</subject><subject>Eddy momentum flux</subject><subject>Electromagnetic fields</subject><subject>General circulation models</subject><subject>Gravitational waves</subject><subject>Latitude</subject><subject>Momentum</subject><subject>Momentum budget</subject><subject>Momentum flux</subject><subject>Momentum transfer</subject><subject>Mountains</subject><subject>Nonlinear systems</subject><subject>Nonlinearity</subject><subject>Orography</subject><subject>Simulation</subject><subject>Standing waves</subject><subject>Surface wind</subject><subject>Theorems</subject><subject>Topography</subject><subject>Torque</subject><subject>Vortices</subject><subject>Wind speed</subject><issn>0022-4928</issn><issn>1520-0469</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2020</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>8G5</sourceid><sourceid>BEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>GUQSH</sourceid><sourceid>M2O</sourceid><recordid>eNotkM1PAjEQxRujiYievTbxXOm03W17RBA_QuQAxmNTSguLsMV20fjfu4BzmWTey7yZH0K3QO8BZNF77U_JkIAmlB9GZ6gDBaOEilKfow6ljBGhmbpEVzmvaVtMQgeZmc9NVS9xs_J4XG2rJmNbL_BD8vZzEX9qHMNRe4u1dc5vfLJNFWs8W_mY_BaHmPAkxWWyu1Xl8LQ5yjb94g_77fM1ugh2k_3Nf--i99HjbPBMxpOnl0F_TBxjvCEqgJKhAFqCZF6UpeJKMC2Vkg5AKSUCbeNFwQvvylIEBkoXLMydZlrbOe-iu9PeXYpf-_Yns477VLeRhnENQkgmdevqnVwuxZyTD2aXqm17rAFqDhRNS9EMDWhzoGiA_wHHLmQ1</recordid><startdate>202005</startdate><enddate>202005</enddate><creator>Lutsko, Nicholas J.</creator><general>American Meteorological 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the Limits and Breakdown of the Nonacceleration Theorem for Orographic Stationary Waves</title><author>Lutsko, Nicholas J.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c223t-8f187f5106172e4668384297887c118884f0acc4535ec664f218952fbc9299ab3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2020</creationdate><topic>Atmosphere</topic><topic>Breakdown</topic><topic>Computer simulation</topic><topic>Convergence</topic><topic>Cyclones</topic><topic>Damping</topic><topic>Eddies</topic><topic>Eddy momentum flux</topic><topic>Electromagnetic fields</topic><topic>General circulation models</topic><topic>Gravitational waves</topic><topic>Latitude</topic><topic>Momentum</topic><topic>Momentum budget</topic><topic>Momentum flux</topic><topic>Momentum transfer</topic><topic>Mountains</topic><topic>Nonlinear systems</topic><topic>Nonlinearity</topic><topic>Orography</topic><topic>Simulation</topic><topic>Standing waves</topic><topic>Surface wind</topic><topic>Theorems</topic><topic>Topography</topic><topic>Torque</topic><topic>Vortices</topic><topic>Wind speed</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Lutsko, Nicholas J.</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts</collection><collection>Oceanic Abstracts</collection><collection>Water Resources Abstracts</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Military Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Science Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>STEM Database</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Technology 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Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><collection>University of Michigan</collection><collection>SIRS Editorial</collection><jtitle>Journal of the atmospheric sciences</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Lutsko, Nicholas J.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Testing the Limits and Breakdown of the Nonacceleration Theorem for Orographic Stationary Waves</atitle><jtitle>Journal of the atmospheric sciences</jtitle><date>2020-05</date><risdate>2020</risdate><volume>77</volume><issue>5</issue><spage>1513</spage><epage>1529</epage><pages>1513-1529</pages><issn>0022-4928</issn><eissn>1520-0469</eissn><abstract>The nonacceleration theorem states that the torque exerted on the atmosphere by orography is exactly balanced by the convergence of momentum by the stationary waves that the orography excites. This balance is tested in simulations with a stationary wave model and with a dry, idealized general circulation model (GCM), in which large-scale orography is placed at the latitude of maximum surface wind speed. For the smallest mountain considered (maximum height
H
= 0.5 m), the nonacceleration balance is nearly met, but the damping in the stationary wave model induces an offset between the stationary eddy momentum flux (EMF) convergence and the mountain torque, leading to residual mean flow changes. A stationary nonlinearity appears for larger mountains (
H
≥ 10 m), driven by preferential deflection of the flow around the poleward flank of the orography, and causes further breakdown of the nonacceleration balance. The nonlinearity grows as
H
is increased, and is stronger in the GCM than in the stationary wave model, likely due to interactions with transient eddies. The midlatitude jet shifts poleward for
H
≤ 2 km and equatorward for larger mountains, reflecting changes in the transient EMFs, which push the jet poleward for smaller mountains and equatorward for larger mountains. The stationary EMFs consistently force the jet poleward. These results add to our understanding of how orography affects the atmosphere’s momentum budget, providing insight into how the nonacceleration theorem breaks down; the roles of stationary nonlinearities and transients; and how orography affects the strength and latitude of eddy-driven jets.</abstract><cop>Boston</cop><pub>American Meteorological Society</pub><doi>10.1175/JAS-D-19-0310.1</doi><tpages>17</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2733-7810</orcidid></addata></record> |
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subjects | Atmosphere Breakdown Computer simulation Convergence Cyclones Damping Eddies Eddy momentum flux Electromagnetic fields General circulation models Gravitational waves Latitude Momentum Momentum budget Momentum flux Momentum transfer Mountains Nonlinear systems Nonlinearity Orography Simulation Standing waves Surface wind Theorems Topography Torque Vortices Wind speed |
title | Testing the Limits and Breakdown of the Nonacceleration Theorem for Orographic Stationary Waves |
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