Cholangiocarcinoma: Classification, Histopathology and Molecular Carcinogenesis

Cholangiocarcinoma (CC) is the second most common tumor of the liver, originating from the biliary system with increasing incidence and mortality worldwide. Several new classifications review the significance of tumor localization, site of origin, proliferation and biomarkers in the intrahepatic, pe...

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Veröffentlicht in:Pathology oncology research 2020-01, Vol.26 (1), p.3-15
Hauptverfasser: Lendvai, Gábor, Szekerczés, Tímea, Illyés, Idikó, Dóra, Réka, Kontsek, Endre, Gógl, Alíz, Kiss, András, Werling, Klára, Kovalszky, Ilona, Schaff, Zsuzsa, Borka, Katalin
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container_title Pathology oncology research
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creator Lendvai, Gábor
Szekerczés, Tímea
Illyés, Idikó
Dóra, Réka
Kontsek, Endre
Gógl, Alíz
Kiss, András
Werling, Klára
Kovalszky, Ilona
Schaff, Zsuzsa
Borka, Katalin
description Cholangiocarcinoma (CC) is the second most common tumor of the liver, originating from the biliary system with increasing incidence and mortality worldwide. Several new classifications review the significance of tumor localization, site of origin, proliferation and biomarkers in the intrahepatic, perihilar and distal forms of the lesion. Based on growth pattern mass-forming, periductal-infiltrating, intraductal, undefined and mixed types are differentiated. There are further subclassifications which are applied for the histological features, in particular for intrahepatic CC. Recognition of the precursors and early lesions of CC including biliary intraepithelial neoplasia (BilIN), intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile ducts (IPNB), biliary mucinous cystic neoplasm (MCNB) and the candidate precursors, such as bile duct adenoma and von Meyenburg complex is of increasing significance. In addition to the previously used biliary markers detected by immunohistochemistry, several new markers have been added to the differentiation of both the benign and malignant lesions, which can be used to aid in the subclassification in association with the outcome of CC. Major aspects of biliary carcinogenesis have been revealed, yet, the exact way of this diverse process is still unclear. The factors contributing to molecular cholangiocarcinogenesis include various risk factors, different anatomical localizations, multiple cellular origins, genetic and epigenetic alterations, tumor microenvironment, heterogeneity and clonal evolution. Driver mutations have been identified, implying that they are optimal candidates for targeted therapy. The most promising therapeutic candidates have entered clinical trials.
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Oncol. Res</addtitle><addtitle>Pathol Oncol Res</addtitle><description>Cholangiocarcinoma (CC) is the second most common tumor of the liver, originating from the biliary system with increasing incidence and mortality worldwide. Several new classifications review the significance of tumor localization, site of origin, proliferation and biomarkers in the intrahepatic, perihilar and distal forms of the lesion. Based on growth pattern mass-forming, periductal-infiltrating, intraductal, undefined and mixed types are differentiated. There are further subclassifications which are applied for the histological features, in particular for intrahepatic CC. Recognition of the precursors and early lesions of CC including biliary intraepithelial neoplasia (BilIN), intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile ducts (IPNB), biliary mucinous cystic neoplasm (MCNB) and the candidate precursors, such as bile duct adenoma and von Meyenburg complex is of increasing significance. In addition to the previously used biliary markers detected by immunohistochemistry, several new markers have been added to the differentiation of both the benign and malignant lesions, which can be used to aid in the subclassification in association with the outcome of CC. Major aspects of biliary carcinogenesis have been revealed, yet, the exact way of this diverse process is still unclear. The factors contributing to molecular cholangiocarcinogenesis include various risk factors, different anatomical localizations, multiple cellular origins, genetic and epigenetic alterations, tumor microenvironment, heterogeneity and clonal evolution. Driver mutations have been identified, implying that they are optimal candidates for targeted therapy. The most promising therapeutic candidates have entered clinical trials.</description><subject>Adenoma</subject><subject>Bile</subject><subject>Bile Duct Neoplasms - classification</subject><subject>Bile Duct Neoplasms - genetics</subject><subject>Bile Duct Neoplasms - pathology</subject><subject>Bile ducts</subject><subject>Biological evolution</subject><subject>Biomarkers, Tumor - genetics</subject><subject>Biomarkers, Tumor - metabolism</subject><subject>Biomedical and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Biomedicine</subject><subject>Cancer Research</subject><subject>Carcinogenesis</subject><subject>Carcinogenesis - genetics</subject><subject>Carcinogenesis - metabolism</subject><subject>Cholangiocarcinoma</subject><subject>Cholangiocarcinoma - classification</subject><subject>Cholangiocarcinoma - genetics</subject><subject>Cholangiocarcinoma - pathology</subject><subject>Clinical trials</subject><subject>Growth patterns</subject><subject>Heterogeneity</subject><subject>Histopathology</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Immunohistochemistry</subject><subject>Immunology</subject><subject>Lesions</subject><subject>Liver</subject><subject>Liver cancer</subject><subject>Liver Neoplasms - classification</subject><subject>Liver Neoplasms - genetics</subject><subject>Liver Neoplasms - pathology</subject><subject>Localization</subject><subject>MicroRNAs - genetics</subject><subject>MicroRNAs - metabolism</subject><subject>Mutation</subject><subject>Neoplasia</subject><subject>Neoplasm Staging</subject><subject>Oncology</subject><subject>Pathology</subject><subject>Precancerous Conditions - pathology</subject><subject>Prognosis</subject><subject>Review</subject><subject>Risk factors</subject><subject>Tumor Microenvironment</subject><subject>Tumors</subject><issn>1219-4956</issn><issn>1532-2807</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2020</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kD1PwzAQhi0EoqXwA1hQJFYC548kNhuKgCIVdYHZch07pErjYidD_z2uUmCC6U66531PehC6xHCLAYq7gAnJaAqYp8AETvkRmuKMkpRwKI7jTrBImcjyCToLYQ0xk4v8FE0oMMZFQadoWX64VnV147TyuuncRt0nZatCaGyjVd-47iaZN6F3W9VH1NW7RHVV8upao4dW-aQcc7XpTGjCOTqxqg3m4jBn6P3p8a2cp4vl80v5sEg1A-hTygvMiCpsVimorCCFpTyrMiKINpk2mFBdccEo1ljZgltNKeQ2w3glzAqAztD12Lv17nMwoZdrN_guvpSEcsZz4IT9S2HKcqBE0EjhkdLeheCNlVvfbJTfSQxyL1qOomUULfeiJY-Zq0PzsNqY6ifxbTYCZARCPHW18b-v_279ArQUh7Q</recordid><startdate>20200101</startdate><enddate>20200101</enddate><creator>Lendvai, Gábor</creator><creator>Szekerczés, Tímea</creator><creator>Illyés, Idikó</creator><creator>Dóra, Réka</creator><creator>Kontsek, Endre</creator><creator>Gógl, Alíz</creator><creator>Kiss, András</creator><creator>Werling, Klára</creator><creator>Kovalszky, Ilona</creator><creator>Schaff, Zsuzsa</creator><creator>Borka, Katalin</creator><general>Springer Netherlands</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7TM</scope><scope>7TO</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0931-380X</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20200101</creationdate><title>Cholangiocarcinoma: Classification, Histopathology and Molecular Carcinogenesis</title><author>Lendvai, Gábor ; 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subjects Adenoma
Bile
Bile Duct Neoplasms - classification
Bile Duct Neoplasms - genetics
Bile Duct Neoplasms - pathology
Bile ducts
Biological evolution
Biomarkers, Tumor - genetics
Biomarkers, Tumor - metabolism
Biomedical and Life Sciences
Biomedicine
Cancer Research
Carcinogenesis
Carcinogenesis - genetics
Carcinogenesis - metabolism
Cholangiocarcinoma
Cholangiocarcinoma - classification
Cholangiocarcinoma - genetics
Cholangiocarcinoma - pathology
Clinical trials
Growth patterns
Heterogeneity
Histopathology
Humans
Immunohistochemistry
Immunology
Lesions
Liver
Liver cancer
Liver Neoplasms - classification
Liver Neoplasms - genetics
Liver Neoplasms - pathology
Localization
MicroRNAs - genetics
MicroRNAs - metabolism
Mutation
Neoplasia
Neoplasm Staging
Oncology
Pathology
Precancerous Conditions - pathology
Prognosis
Review
Risk factors
Tumor Microenvironment
Tumors
title Cholangiocarcinoma: Classification, Histopathology and Molecular Carcinogenesis
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