Understanding the Role of Organic Matter Cycling for the Spatio-Temporal Structure of PCBs in the North Sea
Using the North Sea as a case scenario, a combined three-dimensional hydrodynamic-biogeochemical-pollutant model was applied for simulating the seasonal variability of the distribution of hydrophobic chemical pollutants in a marine water body. The model was designed in a nested framework including a...
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creator | Daewel, Ute Yakushev, Evgeniy V. Schrum, Corinna Nizzetto, Luca Mikheeva, Elena |
description | Using the North Sea as a case scenario, a combined three-dimensional hydrodynamic-biogeochemical-pollutant model was applied for simulating the seasonal variability of the distribution of hydrophobic chemical pollutants in a marine water body. The model was designed in a nested framework including a hydrodynamic block (Hamburg Shelf Ocean Model (HAMSOM)), a biogeochemical block (Oxygen Depletion Model (OxyDep)), and a pollutant-partitioning block (PolPar). Pollutants can be (1) transported via advection and turbulent diffusion, (2) get absorbed and released by a dynamic pool of particulate and dissolved organic matter, and (3) get degraded. Our model results indicate that the seasonality of biogeochemical processes, including production, sinking, and decay, favors the development of hot spots with particular high pollutant concentrations in intermediate waters of biologically highly active regions and seasons, and it potentially increases the exposure of feeding fish to these pollutants. In winter, however, thermal convection homogenizes the water column and destroys the vertical stratification of the pollutant. A significant fraction of the previously exported pollutants is then returned to the water surface and becomes available for exchange with the atmosphere, potentially turning the ocean into a secondary source for pollutants. Moreover, we could show that desorption from aging organic material in the upper aphotic zone is expected to retard pollutants transfer and burial into sediments; thus, it is considerably limiting the effectiveness of the biological pump for pollutant exports. |
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The model was designed in a nested framework including a hydrodynamic block (Hamburg Shelf Ocean Model (HAMSOM)), a biogeochemical block (Oxygen Depletion Model (OxyDep)), and a pollutant-partitioning block (PolPar). Pollutants can be (1) transported via advection and turbulent diffusion, (2) get absorbed and released by a dynamic pool of particulate and dissolved organic matter, and (3) get degraded. Our model results indicate that the seasonality of biogeochemical processes, including production, sinking, and decay, favors the development of hot spots with particular high pollutant concentrations in intermediate waters of biologically highly active regions and seasons, and it potentially increases the exposure of feeding fish to these pollutants. In winter, however, thermal convection homogenizes the water column and destroys the vertical stratification of the pollutant. A significant fraction of the previously exported pollutants is then returned to the water surface and becomes available for exchange with the atmosphere, potentially turning the ocean into a secondary source for pollutants. Moreover, we could show that desorption from aging organic material in the upper aphotic zone is expected to retard pollutants transfer and burial into sediments; thus, it is considerably limiting the effectiveness of the biological pump for pollutant exports.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2073-4441</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2073-4441</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/w12030817</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Basel: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Aging ; Air pollution ; Aphotic zone ; Baltic Sea ; Biogeochemistry ; Biological effects ; Chemical pollution ; Chemicals ; Computer simulation ; Convection ; Depletion ; Diffusion barriers ; Dissolved organic matter ; Eddy diffusion ; Free convection ; Geochemical cycles ; Germany ; Hydrophobicity ; Marine pollution ; Multimedia ; Norway ; Oxygen depletion ; PCB ; Plankton ; Pollutants ; Polychlorinated biphenyls ; Seasonal distribution ; Seasonal variations ; Sediment pollution ; Sediments ; Sediments (Geology) ; Surface water ; Turbulent diffusion ; Vertical distribution ; Water bodies ; Water circulation ; Water column ; Water pollution</subject><ispartof>Water (Basel), 2020-03, Vol.12 (3), p.817</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2020 MDPI AG</rights><rights>2020. This work is licensed under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ (the “License”). 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A significant fraction of the previously exported pollutants is then returned to the water surface and becomes available for exchange with the atmosphere, potentially turning the ocean into a secondary source for pollutants. Moreover, we could show that desorption from aging organic material in the upper aphotic zone is expected to retard pollutants transfer and burial into sediments; thus, it is considerably limiting the effectiveness of the biological pump for pollutant exports.</description><subject>Aging</subject><subject>Air pollution</subject><subject>Aphotic zone</subject><subject>Baltic Sea</subject><subject>Biogeochemistry</subject><subject>Biological effects</subject><subject>Chemical pollution</subject><subject>Chemicals</subject><subject>Computer simulation</subject><subject>Convection</subject><subject>Depletion</subject><subject>Diffusion barriers</subject><subject>Dissolved organic matter</subject><subject>Eddy diffusion</subject><subject>Free convection</subject><subject>Geochemical cycles</subject><subject>Germany</subject><subject>Hydrophobicity</subject><subject>Marine pollution</subject><subject>Multimedia</subject><subject>Norway</subject><subject>Oxygen depletion</subject><subject>PCB</subject><subject>Plankton</subject><subject>Pollutants</subject><subject>Polychlorinated biphenyls</subject><subject>Seasonal distribution</subject><subject>Seasonal variations</subject><subject>Sediment pollution</subject><subject>Sediments</subject><subject>Sediments (Geology)</subject><subject>Surface water</subject><subject>Turbulent diffusion</subject><subject>Vertical distribution</subject><subject>Water bodies</subject><subject>Water circulation</subject><subject>Water column</subject><subject>Water pollution</subject><issn>2073-4441</issn><issn>2073-4441</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2020</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><recordid>eNpNkMtOwzAQRS0EElXpgj-wxIpFiid2EmdZIl5SoYi268jxo01J42I7Qv170hYh5i5mNDp3RroIXQMZU5qTu2-ICSUcsjM0iElGI8YYnP-bL9HI-w3pi-WcJ2SAPpet0s4H0aq6XeGw1vjDNhpbg2duJdpa4lcRgna42MvmgBjrjth8J0Jto4Xe7qwTDZ4H18nQuaP3vbj3uG6P4Jt1YY3nWlyhCyMar0e_fYiWjw-L4jmazp5eisk0kpRCiJQEmfYiGYsZmFiYqspVpTVhXKWCyhykVkpVMs1ylSgAw4BrmgtJ8kRkdIhuTnd3zn512odyYzvX9i_LmGY8TSED6KnxiVqJRpd1a2xwQvZSeltL22pT9_sJB5IAxJz1htuTQTrrvdOm3Ll6K9y-BFIe8i__8qc_GSB3RA</recordid><startdate>20200301</startdate><enddate>20200301</enddate><creator>Daewel, Ute</creator><creator>Yakushev, Evgeniy V.</creator><creator>Schrum, Corinna</creator><creator>Nizzetto, Luca</creator><creator>Mikheeva, Elena</creator><general>MDPI AG</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3251-4551</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5008-9611</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20200301</creationdate><title>Understanding the Role of Organic Matter Cycling for the Spatio-Temporal Structure of PCBs in the North Sea</title><author>Daewel, Ute ; 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The model was designed in a nested framework including a hydrodynamic block (Hamburg Shelf Ocean Model (HAMSOM)), a biogeochemical block (Oxygen Depletion Model (OxyDep)), and a pollutant-partitioning block (PolPar). Pollutants can be (1) transported via advection and turbulent diffusion, (2) get absorbed and released by a dynamic pool of particulate and dissolved organic matter, and (3) get degraded. Our model results indicate that the seasonality of biogeochemical processes, including production, sinking, and decay, favors the development of hot spots with particular high pollutant concentrations in intermediate waters of biologically highly active regions and seasons, and it potentially increases the exposure of feeding fish to these pollutants. In winter, however, thermal convection homogenizes the water column and destroys the vertical stratification of the pollutant. 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subjects | Aging Air pollution Aphotic zone Baltic Sea Biogeochemistry Biological effects Chemical pollution Chemicals Computer simulation Convection Depletion Diffusion barriers Dissolved organic matter Eddy diffusion Free convection Geochemical cycles Germany Hydrophobicity Marine pollution Multimedia Norway Oxygen depletion PCB Plankton Pollutants Polychlorinated biphenyls Seasonal distribution Seasonal variations Sediment pollution Sediments Sediments (Geology) Surface water Turbulent diffusion Vertical distribution Water bodies Water circulation Water column Water pollution |
title | Understanding the Role of Organic Matter Cycling for the Spatio-Temporal Structure of PCBs in the North Sea |
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