Impact of anthropogenic factors on affiliative behaviors among bonnet macaques

Objectives In primates, allogrooming and other affiliative behaviors confer many benefits and may be influenced by many socioecological factors. Of these, the impact of anthropogenic factors remain relatively understudied. Here we ask whether interactions with humans decreased macaques' affilia...

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Veröffentlicht in:American journal of physical anthropology 2020-04, Vol.171 (4), p.704-717
Hauptverfasser: Balasubramaniam, Krishna N., Marty, Pascal R., Arlet, Małgorzata E., Beisner, Brianne A., Kaburu, Stefano S. K., Bliss‐Moreau, Eliza, Kodandaramaiah, Ullasa, McCowan, Brenda
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container_issue 4
container_start_page 704
container_title American journal of physical anthropology
container_volume 171
creator Balasubramaniam, Krishna N.
Marty, Pascal R.
Arlet, Małgorzata E.
Beisner, Brianne A.
Kaburu, Stefano S. K.
Bliss‐Moreau, Eliza
Kodandaramaiah, Ullasa
McCowan, Brenda
description Objectives In primates, allogrooming and other affiliative behaviors confer many benefits and may be influenced by many socioecological factors. Of these, the impact of anthropogenic factors remain relatively understudied. Here we ask whether interactions with humans decreased macaques' affiliative behaviors by imposing time‐constraints, or increased these behaviors on account of more free‐/available‐time due to macaques' consumption of high‐energy human foods. Materials and methods In Southern India, we collected data on human–macaque and macaque–macaque interactions using focal‐animal sampling on two groups of semi‐urban bonnet macaques for 11 months. For each macaque within each climatic season, we calculated frequencies of human–macaque interactions, rates of monitoring human activity and foraging on anthropogenic food, dominance ranks, grooming duration, number of unique grooming partners, and frequencies of other affiliative interactions. Results We found strong evidence for time‐constraints on grooming. Macaques that monitored humans more groomed for shorter durations and groomed fewer partners, independent of their group membership, sex, dominance rank, and season. However, monitoring humans had no impact on other affiliative interactions. We found no evidence for the free‐time hypothesis: foraging on anthropogenic food was unrelated to grooming and other affiliation. Discussion Our results are consistent with recent findings on other urban‐dwelling species/populations. Macaques in such environments may be especially reliant on other forms of affiliation that are of short duration (e.g., coalitionary support, lip‐smacking) and unaffected by time‐constraints. We stress on the importance of evaluating human impact on inter‐individual differences in primate/wildlife behavior for conservation efforts.
doi_str_mv 10.1002/ajpa.24013
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For each macaque within each climatic season, we calculated frequencies of human–macaque interactions, rates of monitoring human activity and foraging on anthropogenic food, dominance ranks, grooming duration, number of unique grooming partners, and frequencies of other affiliative interactions. Results We found strong evidence for time‐constraints on grooming. Macaques that monitored humans more groomed for shorter durations and groomed fewer partners, independent of their group membership, sex, dominance rank, and season. However, monitoring humans had no impact on other affiliative interactions. We found no evidence for the free‐time hypothesis: foraging on anthropogenic food was unrelated to grooming and other affiliation. Discussion Our results are consistent with recent findings on other urban‐dwelling species/populations. Macaques in such environments may be especially reliant on other forms of affiliation that are of short duration (e.g., coalitionary support, lip‐smacking) and unaffected by time‐constraints. 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K.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bliss‐Moreau, Eliza</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kodandaramaiah, Ullasa</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>McCowan, Brenda</creatorcontrib><title>Impact of anthropogenic factors on affiliative behaviors among bonnet macaques</title><title>American journal of physical anthropology</title><addtitle>AM J PHYS ANTHROPOL</addtitle><addtitle>Am J Phys Anthropol</addtitle><description>Objectives In primates, allogrooming and other affiliative behaviors confer many benefits and may be influenced by many socioecological factors. Of these, the impact of anthropogenic factors remain relatively understudied. Here we ask whether interactions with humans decreased macaques' affiliative behaviors by imposing time‐constraints, or increased these behaviors on account of more free‐/available‐time due to macaques' consumption of high‐energy human foods. Materials and methods In Southern India, we collected data on human–macaque and macaque–macaque interactions using focal‐animal sampling on two groups of semi‐urban bonnet macaques for 11 months. For each macaque within each climatic season, we calculated frequencies of human–macaque interactions, rates of monitoring human activity and foraging on anthropogenic food, dominance ranks, grooming duration, number of unique grooming partners, and frequencies of other affiliative interactions. Results We found strong evidence for time‐constraints on grooming. Macaques that monitored humans more groomed for shorter durations and groomed fewer partners, independent of their group membership, sex, dominance rank, and season. However, monitoring humans had no impact on other affiliative interactions. We found no evidence for the free‐time hypothesis: foraging on anthropogenic food was unrelated to grooming and other affiliation. Discussion Our results are consistent with recent findings on other urban‐dwelling species/populations. Macaques in such environments may be especially reliant on other forms of affiliation that are of short duration (e.g., coalitionary support, lip‐smacking) and unaffected by time‐constraints. 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K.</au><au>Bliss‐Moreau, Eliza</au><au>Kodandaramaiah, Ullasa</au><au>McCowan, Brenda</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Impact of anthropogenic factors on affiliative behaviors among bonnet macaques</atitle><jtitle>American journal of physical anthropology</jtitle><stitle>AM J PHYS ANTHROPOL</stitle><addtitle>Am J Phys Anthropol</addtitle><date>2020-04</date><risdate>2020</risdate><volume>171</volume><issue>4</issue><spage>704</spage><epage>717</epage><pages>704-717</pages><issn>0002-9483</issn><eissn>1096-8644</eissn><eissn>2692-7691</eissn><abstract>Objectives In primates, allogrooming and other affiliative behaviors confer many benefits and may be influenced by many socioecological factors. Of these, the impact of anthropogenic factors remain relatively understudied. Here we ask whether interactions with humans decreased macaques' affiliative behaviors by imposing time‐constraints, or increased these behaviors on account of more free‐/available‐time due to macaques' consumption of high‐energy human foods. Materials and methods In Southern India, we collected data on human–macaque and macaque–macaque interactions using focal‐animal sampling on two groups of semi‐urban bonnet macaques for 11 months. For each macaque within each climatic season, we calculated frequencies of human–macaque interactions, rates of monitoring human activity and foraging on anthropogenic food, dominance ranks, grooming duration, number of unique grooming partners, and frequencies of other affiliative interactions. Results We found strong evidence for time‐constraints on grooming. Macaques that monitored humans more groomed for shorter durations and groomed fewer partners, independent of their group membership, sex, dominance rank, and season. However, monitoring humans had no impact on other affiliative interactions. We found no evidence for the free‐time hypothesis: foraging on anthropogenic food was unrelated to grooming and other affiliation. Discussion Our results are consistent with recent findings on other urban‐dwelling species/populations. Macaques in such environments may be especially reliant on other forms of affiliation that are of short duration (e.g., coalitionary support, lip‐smacking) and unaffected by time‐constraints. We stress on the importance of evaluating human impact on inter‐individual differences in primate/wildlife behavior for conservation efforts.</abstract><cop>Hoboken, USA</cop><pub>John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc</pub><pmid>32064585</pmid><doi>10.1002/ajpa.24013</doi><tpages>14</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2101-0588</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record>
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subjects Adult
allogrooming
Animals
Anthropogenic factors
Anthropology
Behavior
bonnet macaques
Conservation
Consumption
Dominance
Evolutionary Biology
Female
Grooming
Human Activities
Humans
human–macaque interactions
India
Individual differences
inter‐individual differences
Life Sciences & Biomedicine
Macaca radiata - physiology
Male
Membership
Primates
Sampling
Science & Technology
Smacking
Social Behavior
time‐budgets
Wildlife
Wildlife conservation
title Impact of anthropogenic factors on affiliative behaviors among bonnet macaques
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