Extracellular‐signal‐regulated kinase/mitogen‐activated protein kinase signaling as a target for cancer therapy: an updated review

Mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway is activated in a wide spectrum of human tumors, exhibiting cardinal oncogenic roles and sustained inhibition of this pathway is considered as a primary goal in clinic. Within this pathway, receptor tyrosine kinases such as epithelial growth...

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Veröffentlicht in:	Cell biology international 2019-11, Vol.43 (11), p.1206-1222
Hauptverfasser:	Najafi, Masoud, Ahmadi, Amirhossein, Mortezaee, Keywan
Format:	Artikel
Sprache:	eng
Schlagworte:	Axl protein Cancer cancer cell cancer stem cell (CSC) Cancer therapies Carcinogenesis - drug effects Carcinogenesis - metabolism combination therapy Drug resistance Drug Resistance, Neoplasm epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases - metabolism extracellular‐signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) Feedback Fibroblast growth factor 2 Growth factors Humans Immunotherapy Kinases MAP kinase MAP Kinase Signaling System - drug effects MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK) Mesenchyme Metastases Metastasis Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases - metabolism mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) Mutation Neoplasms - drug therapy Neoplasms - metabolism phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K) Prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase Protein kinase Proteins RAF Raf protein RAS resistance Signal transduction Transforming growth factor-b Tumor Microenvironment tumor microenvironment (TME) Tumorigenesis Tumors Tyrosine Wnt protein
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