Toward a Biotic Ligand Model for Freshwater Green Algae:  Surface-Bound and Internal Copper Are Better Predictors of Toxicity than Free Cu2+-Ion Activity When pH Is Varied

The freshwater green microalgae Chlorella sp. and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (P. subcapitata) were chronically (48 and 72 h, respectively) exposed to copper at various pH levels, i.e., pH 6−7.5 and pH 5.9−8.5, respectively. Concentrations resulting in 50% inhibition of exponential growth rate (...

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