Influence of grazing intensity on patterns and structuring processes in plant–pollinator networks in a subtropical grassland

Understanding how disturbances influence interaction networks is a central but still poorly explored issue in ecology and management. The goal of this study was to test how the structure of plant–pollinator networks and the structuring processes are influenced by grazing in a subtropical grassland community on the southern hemisphere. Twelve sampling plots were allocated in order to cover a grazing gradient ranging from overgrazed to ungrazed sites. For each plot, we created a quantitative matrix containing all observed pairwise insect–plant interactions and described morphology, phenology and abundances of each species. We fitted a series of models to test the influence of grazing intensity on metrics describing networks structure. We finally used probabilistic matrices, maximum likelihood and model selection to investigate the processes influencing frequencies of interactions across the gradient of disturbance. Grazing intensity influenced connectance, specialization and interaction evenness, while the number of species and links, nestedness and modularity were less variable. Species abundance was the most important determinant of interaction frequencies regardless of grazing intensity. In contrast to northern hemisphere pollination networks studied so far, these subtropical plant–pollinator networks and their structuring processes were remarkably consistent along the grazing gradient. We argue that this results from the dominance of generalist Asteraceae species, which are selectively avoided by cattle and play a core role in attracting a wide range of pollinators and thereby structuring plant–pollinator interactions, providing therefore stability.