MERIT Hydro: A High‐Resolution Global Hydrography Map Based on Latest Topography Dataset
High‐resolution raster hydrography maps are a fundamental data source for many geoscience applications. Here we introduce MERIT Hydro, a new global flow direction map at 3‐arc sec resolution (~90 m at the equator) derived from the latest elevation data (MERIT DEM) and water body data sets (G1WBM, Gl...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Water resources research 2019-06, Vol.55 (6), p.5053-5073 |
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| creator | Yamazaki, Dai Ikeshima, Daiki Sosa, Jeison Bates, Paul D. Allen, George H. Pavelsky, Tamlin M. |
| description | High‐resolution raster hydrography maps are a fundamental data source for many geoscience applications. Here we introduce MERIT Hydro, a new global flow direction map at 3‐arc sec resolution (~90 m at the equator) derived from the latest elevation data (MERIT DEM) and water body data sets (G1WBM, Global Surface Water Occurrence, and OpenStreetMap). We developed a new algorithm to extract river networks near automatically by separating actual inland basins from dummy depressions caused by the errors in input elevation data. After a minimum amount of hand editing, the constructed hydrography map shows good agreement with existing quality‐controlled river network data sets in terms of flow accumulation area and river basin shape. The location of river streamlines was realistically aligned with existing satellite‐based global river channel data. Relative error in the drainage area was |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1029/2019WR024873 |
| format | Article |
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Plain Language Summary
Rivers play important roles in global hydrological and biogeochemical cycles, and many socioeconomic activities also depend on water resources in river basins. Global‐scale frontier studies of river networks and surface waters require that all rivers on the Earth are precisely mapped at high resolution, but until now, no such map has been produced. Here we present “MERIT Hydro,” the first high‐resolution, global map of river networks developed by combining the latest global map of land surface elevation with the latest maps of water bodies that were built using satellites and open databases. Surface flow direction of each 3‐arc sec pixel (~90‐m size at the equator) is mapped across the entire globe except Antarctica, and many supplemental maps (such as flow accumulation area, river width, and a vectorized river network) are generated. MERIT Hydro thus represents a major advance in our ability to represent the global river network and is a data set that is anticipated to enhance a wide range of geoscience applications including flood risk assessment, aquatic carbon emissions, and climate modeling.
Key Points
A global hydrography map was generated using the latest topography dataset
Near‐automatic algorithm applicable for global hydrography delineation was developed
Adjusted elevation and river width layers consistent with flow direction map are provided</description><identifier>ISSN: 0043-1397</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1944-7973</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1029/2019WR024873</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Washington: John Wiley & Sons, Inc</publisher><subject>Accumulation ; Algorithms ; Arid regions ; Basins ; Biogeochemical cycle ; Biogeochemical cycles ; Biogeochemistry ; Carbon emissions ; Climate models ; Datasets ; Digital Elevation Models ; Drainage area ; Drainage channels ; Earth science ; Elevation ; Environmental risk ; Equator ; Flood risk ; Flow mapping ; Gauges ; Geologic depressions ; global hydrology ; High water levels ; Hydrography ; Hydrologic cycle ; Hydrologic data ; Hydrology ; Open systems ; Resolution ; Risk assessment ; River basins ; River channels ; River hydrology ; river network ; River networks ; Rivers ; Runoff ; Satellites ; Spatial data ; Streamlines ; Streams ; Surface flow ; Surface water ; topography ; Topography (geology) ; Water bodies ; Water levels ; Water resources ; Watersheds ; Width</subject><ispartof>Water resources research, 2019-06, Vol.55 (6), p.5053-5073</ispartof><rights>2019. The Authors.</rights><rights>2019. This article is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-a4772-cdaa8f90a9058a451c06b992473054df307bfa1bd639d5ff0c6c47894ba003813</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-a4772-cdaa8f90a9058a451c06b992473054df307bfa1bd639d5ff0c6c47894ba003813</cites><orcidid>0000-0001-8898-4806 ; 0000-0002-6478-1841 ; 0000-0002-0613-3838 ; 0000-0001-9192-9963 ; 0000-0002-4808-2063 ; 0000-0001-8301-5301</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029%2F2019WR024873$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029%2F2019WR024873$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,1411,11493,27901,27902,45550,45551,46443,46867</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Yamazaki, Dai</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ikeshima, Daiki</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sosa, Jeison</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bates, Paul D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Allen, George H.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pavelsky, Tamlin M.</creatorcontrib><title>MERIT Hydro: A High‐Resolution Global Hydrography Map Based on Latest Topography Dataset</title><title>Water resources research</title><description>High‐resolution raster hydrography maps are a fundamental data source for many geoscience applications. Here we introduce MERIT Hydro, a new global flow direction map at 3‐arc sec resolution (~90 m at the equator) derived from the latest elevation data (MERIT DEM) and water body data sets (G1WBM, Global Surface Water Occurrence, and OpenStreetMap). We developed a new algorithm to extract river networks near automatically by separating actual inland basins from dummy depressions caused by the errors in input elevation data. After a minimum amount of hand editing, the constructed hydrography map shows good agreement with existing quality‐controlled river network data sets in terms of flow accumulation area and river basin shape. The location of river streamlines was realistically aligned with existing satellite‐based global river channel data. Relative error in the drainage area was <0.05 for 90% of Global Runoff Data Center (GRDC) gauges, confirming the accuracy of the delineated global river networks. Discrepancies in flow accumulation area were found mostly in arid river basins containing depressions that are occasionally connected at high water levels and thus resulting in uncertain watershed boundaries. MERIT Hydro improves on existing global hydrography data sets in terms of spatial coverage (between N90 and S60) and representation of small streams, mainly due to increased availability of high‐quality baseline geospatial data sets. The new flow direction and flow accumulation maps, along with accompanying supplementary layers on hydrologically adjusted elevation and channel width, will advance geoscience studies related to river hydrology at both global and local scales.
Plain Language Summary
Rivers play important roles in global hydrological and biogeochemical cycles, and many socioeconomic activities also depend on water resources in river basins. Global‐scale frontier studies of river networks and surface waters require that all rivers on the Earth are precisely mapped at high resolution, but until now, no such map has been produced. Here we present “MERIT Hydro,” the first high‐resolution, global map of river networks developed by combining the latest global map of land surface elevation with the latest maps of water bodies that were built using satellites and open databases. Surface flow direction of each 3‐arc sec pixel (~90‐m size at the equator) is mapped across the entire globe except Antarctica, and many supplemental maps (such as flow accumulation area, river width, and a vectorized river network) are generated. MERIT Hydro thus represents a major advance in our ability to represent the global river network and is a data set that is anticipated to enhance a wide range of geoscience applications including flood risk assessment, aquatic carbon emissions, and climate modeling.
Key Points
A global hydrography map was generated using the latest topography dataset
Near‐automatic algorithm applicable for global hydrography delineation was developed
Adjusted elevation and river width layers consistent with flow direction map are provided</description><subject>Accumulation</subject><subject>Algorithms</subject><subject>Arid regions</subject><subject>Basins</subject><subject>Biogeochemical cycle</subject><subject>Biogeochemical cycles</subject><subject>Biogeochemistry</subject><subject>Carbon emissions</subject><subject>Climate models</subject><subject>Datasets</subject><subject>Digital Elevation Models</subject><subject>Drainage area</subject><subject>Drainage channels</subject><subject>Earth science</subject><subject>Elevation</subject><subject>Environmental risk</subject><subject>Equator</subject><subject>Flood risk</subject><subject>Flow mapping</subject><subject>Gauges</subject><subject>Geologic depressions</subject><subject>global hydrology</subject><subject>High water levels</subject><subject>Hydrography</subject><subject>Hydrologic cycle</subject><subject>Hydrologic data</subject><subject>Hydrology</subject><subject>Open systems</subject><subject>Resolution</subject><subject>Risk assessment</subject><subject>River basins</subject><subject>River channels</subject><subject>River hydrology</subject><subject>river network</subject><subject>River networks</subject><subject>Rivers</subject><subject>Runoff</subject><subject>Satellites</subject><subject>Spatial data</subject><subject>Streamlines</subject><subject>Streams</subject><subject>Surface flow</subject><subject>Surface water</subject><subject>topography</subject><subject>Topography (geology)</subject><subject>Water bodies</subject><subject>Water levels</subject><subject>Water resources</subject><subject>Watersheds</subject><subject>Width</subject><issn>0043-1397</issn><issn>1944-7973</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2019</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>24P</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kM1Kw0AUhQdRsFZ3PsCAW6N3fpLJuKu1toWKECoFN-Hmr02JnTiTItn5CD6jT2IkCq5c3cX3cc7lEHLO4IoB19ccmF5FwGWoxAEZMC2lp7QSh2QAIIXHhFbH5MS5LQCTfqAG5PlhEs2XdNZm1tzQEZ2V683n-0eUO1Ptm9Ls6LQyCVa9sbZYb1r6gDW9RZdntOMLbHLX0KWpf_EdNh1sTslRgZXLz37ukDzdT5bjmbd4nM7Ho4WHUinupRliWGhADX6I0mcpBInWXCoBvswKASopkCVZIHTmFwWkQSpVqGWCACJkYkgu-tzamtd990u8NXu76ypjzgMpfdGFddZlb6XWOGfzIq5t-YK2jRnE3-vFf9frdNHrb2WVt_-68SoaR1wC4-IL9jVwJA</recordid><startdate>201906</startdate><enddate>201906</enddate><creator>Yamazaki, Dai</creator><creator>Ikeshima, Daiki</creator><creator>Sosa, Jeison</creator><creator>Bates, Paul D.</creator><creator>Allen, George H.</creator><creator>Pavelsky, Tamlin M.</creator><general>John Wiley & Sons, Inc</general><scope>24P</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QH</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7T7</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7UA</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>F1W</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>H96</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>KR7</scope><scope>L.G</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>P64</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8898-4806</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6478-1841</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0613-3838</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9192-9963</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4808-2063</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8301-5301</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>201906</creationdate><title>MERIT Hydro: A High‐Resolution Global Hydrography Map Based on Latest Topography Dataset</title><author>Yamazaki, Dai ; Ikeshima, Daiki ; Sosa, Jeison ; Bates, Paul D. ; Allen, George H. ; Pavelsky, Tamlin M.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-a4772-cdaa8f90a9058a451c06b992473054df307bfa1bd639d5ff0c6c47894ba003813</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2019</creationdate><topic>Accumulation</topic><topic>Algorithms</topic><topic>Arid regions</topic><topic>Basins</topic><topic>Biogeochemical cycle</topic><topic>Biogeochemical cycles</topic><topic>Biogeochemistry</topic><topic>Carbon emissions</topic><topic>Climate models</topic><topic>Datasets</topic><topic>Digital Elevation Models</topic><topic>Drainage area</topic><topic>Drainage channels</topic><topic>Earth science</topic><topic>Elevation</topic><topic>Environmental risk</topic><topic>Equator</topic><topic>Flood risk</topic><topic>Flow mapping</topic><topic>Gauges</topic><topic>Geologic depressions</topic><topic>global hydrology</topic><topic>High water levels</topic><topic>Hydrography</topic><topic>Hydrologic cycle</topic><topic>Hydrologic data</topic><topic>Hydrology</topic><topic>Open systems</topic><topic>Resolution</topic><topic>Risk assessment</topic><topic>River basins</topic><topic>River channels</topic><topic>River hydrology</topic><topic>river network</topic><topic>River networks</topic><topic>Rivers</topic><topic>Runoff</topic><topic>Satellites</topic><topic>Spatial data</topic><topic>Streamlines</topic><topic>Streams</topic><topic>Surface flow</topic><topic>Surface water</topic><topic>topography</topic><topic>Topography (geology)</topic><topic>Water bodies</topic><topic>Water levels</topic><topic>Water resources</topic><topic>Watersheds</topic><topic>Width</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Yamazaki, Dai</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ikeshima, Daiki</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sosa, Jeison</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bates, Paul D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Allen, George H.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pavelsky, Tamlin M.</creatorcontrib><collection>Wiley Online Library Open Access</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Aqualine</collection><collection>Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)</collection><collection>Industrial and Applied Microbiology Abstracts (Microbiology A)</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts</collection><collection>Virology and AIDS Abstracts</collection><collection>Water Resources Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 2: Ocean Technology, Policy & Non-Living Resources</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts - Academic</collection><collection>Civil Engineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) Professional</collection><collection>Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C)</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><jtitle>Water resources research</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Yamazaki, Dai</au><au>Ikeshima, Daiki</au><au>Sosa, Jeison</au><au>Bates, Paul D.</au><au>Allen, George H.</au><au>Pavelsky, Tamlin M.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>MERIT Hydro: A High‐Resolution Global Hydrography Map Based on Latest Topography Dataset</atitle><jtitle>Water resources research</jtitle><date>2019-06</date><risdate>2019</risdate><volume>55</volume><issue>6</issue><spage>5053</spage><epage>5073</epage><pages>5053-5073</pages><issn>0043-1397</issn><eissn>1944-7973</eissn><abstract>High‐resolution raster hydrography maps are a fundamental data source for many geoscience applications. Here we introduce MERIT Hydro, a new global flow direction map at 3‐arc sec resolution (~90 m at the equator) derived from the latest elevation data (MERIT DEM) and water body data sets (G1WBM, Global Surface Water Occurrence, and OpenStreetMap). We developed a new algorithm to extract river networks near automatically by separating actual inland basins from dummy depressions caused by the errors in input elevation data. After a minimum amount of hand editing, the constructed hydrography map shows good agreement with existing quality‐controlled river network data sets in terms of flow accumulation area and river basin shape. The location of river streamlines was realistically aligned with existing satellite‐based global river channel data. Relative error in the drainage area was <0.05 for 90% of Global Runoff Data Center (GRDC) gauges, confirming the accuracy of the delineated global river networks. Discrepancies in flow accumulation area were found mostly in arid river basins containing depressions that are occasionally connected at high water levels and thus resulting in uncertain watershed boundaries. MERIT Hydro improves on existing global hydrography data sets in terms of spatial coverage (between N90 and S60) and representation of small streams, mainly due to increased availability of high‐quality baseline geospatial data sets. The new flow direction and flow accumulation maps, along with accompanying supplementary layers on hydrologically adjusted elevation and channel width, will advance geoscience studies related to river hydrology at both global and local scales.
Plain Language Summary
Rivers play important roles in global hydrological and biogeochemical cycles, and many socioeconomic activities also depend on water resources in river basins. Global‐scale frontier studies of river networks and surface waters require that all rivers on the Earth are precisely mapped at high resolution, but until now, no such map has been produced. Here we present “MERIT Hydro,” the first high‐resolution, global map of river networks developed by combining the latest global map of land surface elevation with the latest maps of water bodies that were built using satellites and open databases. Surface flow direction of each 3‐arc sec pixel (~90‐m size at the equator) is mapped across the entire globe except Antarctica, and many supplemental maps (such as flow accumulation area, river width, and a vectorized river network) are generated. MERIT Hydro thus represents a major advance in our ability to represent the global river network and is a data set that is anticipated to enhance a wide range of geoscience applications including flood risk assessment, aquatic carbon emissions, and climate modeling.
Key Points
A global hydrography map was generated using the latest topography dataset
Near‐automatic algorithm applicable for global hydrography delineation was developed
Adjusted elevation and river width layers consistent with flow direction map are provided</abstract><cop>Washington</cop><pub>John Wiley & Sons, Inc</pub><doi>10.1029/2019WR024873</doi><tpages>21</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8898-4806</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6478-1841</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0613-3838</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9192-9963</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4808-2063</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8301-5301</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Water resources research, 2019-06, Vol.55 (6), p.5053-5073 |
| issn | 0043-1397 1944-7973 |
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| source | Wiley-Blackwell AGU Digital Library; Wiley Online Library Journals Frontfile Complete; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals |
| subjects | Accumulation Algorithms Arid regions Basins Biogeochemical cycle Biogeochemical cycles Biogeochemistry Carbon emissions Climate models Datasets Digital Elevation Models Drainage area Drainage channels Earth science Elevation Environmental risk Equator Flood risk Flow mapping Gauges Geologic depressions global hydrology High water levels Hydrography Hydrologic cycle Hydrologic data Hydrology Open systems Resolution Risk assessment River basins River channels River hydrology river network River networks Rivers Runoff Satellites Spatial data Streamlines Streams Surface flow Surface water topography Topography (geology) Water bodies Water levels Water resources Watersheds Width |
| title | MERIT Hydro: A High‐Resolution Global Hydrography Map Based on Latest Topography Dataset |
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