Spatial differentiation of cultivated soils using compound-specific stable isotopes (CSSIs) in a temperate agricultural watershed in Manitoba, Canada
Purpose Compound-specific stable isotopes (CSSIs) of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) of plant origin were investigated in a soil and sediment tracing context in a watershed in Manitoba, Canada. Spatial and temporal variability in δ 13 C FA values and concentrations was examined at the point, tr...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of soils and sediments 2019-09, Vol.19 (9), p.3411-3426 |
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| creator | Reiffarth, Dominic G. Petticrew, Ellen L. Owens, Philip N. Lobb, David A. |
| description | Purpose
Compound-specific stable isotopes (CSSIs) of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) of plant origin were investigated in a soil and sediment tracing context in a watershed in Manitoba, Canada. Spatial and temporal variability in δ
13
C
FA
values and concentrations was examined at the point, transect, and field scales to determine the (1) ability to differentiate sediment sources in C3-cropped fields, (2) impact of subsampling on source tracer fingerprints, and (3) major sediment source for a downstream mixture using the Bayesian unmixing model MixSIAR.
Materials and methods
Analysis was performed for five agricultural fields over six sampling periods. Soil and sediment samples (320) were processed for VLCFA analyses (C20:0–C30:0, C32:0). Quantification was performed by gas chromatography–flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and
13
C determination by GC combustion–isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GCC-IRMS). Data were analyzed using weighted
t
tests to differentiate fields by δ
13
C
FA
values. The major sediment source was determined using the following steps: (1) a point-in-polygon approach to identify VLCFA tracers; (2) unmixing using MixSIAR; (3) source apportioning using VLCFA concentrations and %C.
Results and discussion
VLCFA δ
13
C
FA
values vary spatially within a cropped field due to environmental factors. Sediment source fingerprints are dependent on the variability in δ
13
C
FA
values and the quantitative combining of subsamples. Cropped fields that appeared homogeneous exhibited a large range in δ
13
C
FA
values, with variability greatest for fall and spring samples; concentrations were lowest at these times. Historical field boundaries played a role. A downstream sediment mixture (June 2013) was analyzed and found to correspond with source data from August 2012. Sediment mixture data (δ
13
C
FA
) for several VLCFAs were found to fall within the source mixing polygons produced by using two cultivated fields and a riparian zone sample as sources.
Conclusions
Variability in δ
13
C
FA
values increased in fall and spring, which could affect the number of subsamples required per source. Most fields could be spatially differentiated using a weighted
t
test, but not necessarily using the same VLCFA chain lengths. Two spatially separated fields with similar cropping histories were difficult to differentiate, but one of the fields was more prone to VLCFA losses. Only one of several source sampling periods led to successful unmixing, suggesting multip |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s11368-019-02406-3 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_journals_2263797645</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>2263797645</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c319t-bf09fb0a731fc9b89df9be86cd267ed173a61a4eca50ea5734063438787733ce3</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp9kMtq3DAUhk1IoZPLC3Ql6CaBupUsj2Uvw9DLwJQsJlmLY_loosEjuTpySh6k7xulE8guK13O_38HvqL4JPhXwbn6RkLIpi256Epe1bwp5UmxEI2oS1W3_DTfa5lHgrcfizOiPedS5fGi-LedIDkY2eCsxYg-P5ILngXLzDwm9wgJB0bBjcRmcn7HTDhMYfZDSRMaZ51hlKAfkTkKKUxI7Gq13a7pmjnPgCU8TBgzhcEuuhfmHPO-v_kn0kNm59Rv8C6FHr6wFXgY4KL4YGEkvHw9z4v7H9_vVr_Kze3P9epmUxopulT2lne256CksKbr226wXY9tY4aqUTgIJaERUKOBJUdYKpnNyFq2qlVKSoPyvPh85E4x_JmRkt6HOfq8UldVI1WnmnqZU9UxZWIgimj1FN0B4pMWXL_o10f9OuvX__VrmUvyWKIc9juMb-h3Ws-ZXIru</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2263797645</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Spatial differentiation of cultivated soils using compound-specific stable isotopes (CSSIs) in a temperate agricultural watershed in Manitoba, Canada</title><source>SpringerLink Journals</source><creator>Reiffarth, Dominic G. ; Petticrew, Ellen L. ; Owens, Philip N. ; Lobb, David A.</creator><creatorcontrib>Reiffarth, Dominic G. ; Petticrew, Ellen L. ; Owens, Philip N. ; Lobb, David A.</creatorcontrib><description>Purpose
Compound-specific stable isotopes (CSSIs) of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) of plant origin were investigated in a soil and sediment tracing context in a watershed in Manitoba, Canada. Spatial and temporal variability in δ
13
C
FA
values and concentrations was examined at the point, transect, and field scales to determine the (1) ability to differentiate sediment sources in C3-cropped fields, (2) impact of subsampling on source tracer fingerprints, and (3) major sediment source for a downstream mixture using the Bayesian unmixing model MixSIAR.
Materials and methods
Analysis was performed for five agricultural fields over six sampling periods. Soil and sediment samples (320) were processed for VLCFA analyses (C20:0–C30:0, C32:0). Quantification was performed by gas chromatography–flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and
13
C determination by GC combustion–isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GCC-IRMS). Data were analyzed using weighted
t
tests to differentiate fields by δ
13
C
FA
values. The major sediment source was determined using the following steps: (1) a point-in-polygon approach to identify VLCFA tracers; (2) unmixing using MixSIAR; (3) source apportioning using VLCFA concentrations and %C.
Results and discussion
VLCFA δ
13
C
FA
values vary spatially within a cropped field due to environmental factors. Sediment source fingerprints are dependent on the variability in δ
13
C
FA
values and the quantitative combining of subsamples. Cropped fields that appeared homogeneous exhibited a large range in δ
13
C
FA
values, with variability greatest for fall and spring samples; concentrations were lowest at these times. Historical field boundaries played a role. A downstream sediment mixture (June 2013) was analyzed and found to correspond with source data from August 2012. Sediment mixture data (δ
13
C
FA
) for several VLCFAs were found to fall within the source mixing polygons produced by using two cultivated fields and a riparian zone sample as sources.
Conclusions
Variability in δ
13
C
FA
values increased in fall and spring, which could affect the number of subsamples required per source. Most fields could be spatially differentiated using a weighted
t
test, but not necessarily using the same VLCFA chain lengths. Two spatially separated fields with similar cropping histories were difficult to differentiate, but one of the fields was more prone to VLCFA losses. Only one of several source sampling periods led to successful unmixing, suggesting multiple sampling periods for source and/or mixture are necessary. Understanding the spatial and temporal variability affecting δ
13
C
FA
values in source sediments is particularly important for tracing studies using biomarkers in producing a representative fingerprint.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1439-0108</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1614-7480</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s11368-019-02406-3</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg</publisher><subject>Agricultural land ; Agricultural practices ; Agricultural watersheds ; Bayesian analysis ; Biomarkers ; Cropping sequence ; Detection ; Earth and Environmental Science ; Environment ; Environmental factors ; Environmental Physics ; Fatty acids ; Fields ; Fingerprints ; Flame ionization ; Gas chromatography ; Ionization ; Isotope ratios ; Isotopes ; Mass spectrometry ; Mass spectroscopy ; Polygons ; Probability theory ; Riparian land ; Riparian zone ; Sampling ; Sediment ; Sediment Fingerprinting in the Critical Zone ; Sediment samplers ; Sediment samples ; Sediment sources ; Sediments ; Soil ; Soil investigations ; Soil Science & Conservation ; Spring ; Stable isotopes ; Temporal variations ; Tracers</subject><ispartof>Journal of soils and sediments, 2019-09, Vol.19 (9), p.3411-3426</ispartof><rights>Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019</rights><rights>Journal of Soils and Sediments is a copyright of Springer, (2019). All Rights Reserved.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c319t-bf09fb0a731fc9b89df9be86cd267ed173a61a4eca50ea5734063438787733ce3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c319t-bf09fb0a731fc9b89df9be86cd267ed173a61a4eca50ea5734063438787733ce3</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-9642-1365</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11368-019-02406-3$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11368-019-02406-3$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,777,781,27905,27906,41469,42538,51300</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Reiffarth, Dominic G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Petticrew, Ellen L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Owens, Philip N.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lobb, David A.</creatorcontrib><title>Spatial differentiation of cultivated soils using compound-specific stable isotopes (CSSIs) in a temperate agricultural watershed in Manitoba, Canada</title><title>Journal of soils and sediments</title><addtitle>J Soils Sediments</addtitle><description>Purpose
Compound-specific stable isotopes (CSSIs) of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) of plant origin were investigated in a soil and sediment tracing context in a watershed in Manitoba, Canada. Spatial and temporal variability in δ
13
C
FA
values and concentrations was examined at the point, transect, and field scales to determine the (1) ability to differentiate sediment sources in C3-cropped fields, (2) impact of subsampling on source tracer fingerprints, and (3) major sediment source for a downstream mixture using the Bayesian unmixing model MixSIAR.
Materials and methods
Analysis was performed for five agricultural fields over six sampling periods. Soil and sediment samples (320) were processed for VLCFA analyses (C20:0–C30:0, C32:0). Quantification was performed by gas chromatography–flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and
13
C determination by GC combustion–isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GCC-IRMS). Data were analyzed using weighted
t
tests to differentiate fields by δ
13
C
FA
values. The major sediment source was determined using the following steps: (1) a point-in-polygon approach to identify VLCFA tracers; (2) unmixing using MixSIAR; (3) source apportioning using VLCFA concentrations and %C.
Results and discussion
VLCFA δ
13
C
FA
values vary spatially within a cropped field due to environmental factors. Sediment source fingerprints are dependent on the variability in δ
13
C
FA
values and the quantitative combining of subsamples. Cropped fields that appeared homogeneous exhibited a large range in δ
13
C
FA
values, with variability greatest for fall and spring samples; concentrations were lowest at these times. Historical field boundaries played a role. A downstream sediment mixture (June 2013) was analyzed and found to correspond with source data from August 2012. Sediment mixture data (δ
13
C
FA
) for several VLCFAs were found to fall within the source mixing polygons produced by using two cultivated fields and a riparian zone sample as sources.
Conclusions
Variability in δ
13
C
FA
values increased in fall and spring, which could affect the number of subsamples required per source. Most fields could be spatially differentiated using a weighted
t
test, but not necessarily using the same VLCFA chain lengths. Two spatially separated fields with similar cropping histories were difficult to differentiate, but one of the fields was more prone to VLCFA losses. Only one of several source sampling periods led to successful unmixing, suggesting multiple sampling periods for source and/or mixture are necessary. Understanding the spatial and temporal variability affecting δ
13
C
FA
values in source sediments is particularly important for tracing studies using biomarkers in producing a representative fingerprint.</description><subject>Agricultural land</subject><subject>Agricultural practices</subject><subject>Agricultural watersheds</subject><subject>Bayesian analysis</subject><subject>Biomarkers</subject><subject>Cropping sequence</subject><subject>Detection</subject><subject>Earth and Environmental Science</subject><subject>Environment</subject><subject>Environmental factors</subject><subject>Environmental Physics</subject><subject>Fatty acids</subject><subject>Fields</subject><subject>Fingerprints</subject><subject>Flame ionization</subject><subject>Gas chromatography</subject><subject>Ionization</subject><subject>Isotope ratios</subject><subject>Isotopes</subject><subject>Mass spectrometry</subject><subject>Mass spectroscopy</subject><subject>Polygons</subject><subject>Probability theory</subject><subject>Riparian land</subject><subject>Riparian zone</subject><subject>Sampling</subject><subject>Sediment</subject><subject>Sediment Fingerprinting in the Critical Zone</subject><subject>Sediment samplers</subject><subject>Sediment samples</subject><subject>Sediment sources</subject><subject>Sediments</subject><subject>Soil</subject><subject>Soil investigations</subject><subject>Soil Science & Conservation</subject><subject>Spring</subject><subject>Stable isotopes</subject><subject>Temporal variations</subject><subject>Tracers</subject><issn>1439-0108</issn><issn>1614-7480</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2019</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kMtq3DAUhk1IoZPLC3Ql6CaBupUsj2Uvw9DLwJQsJlmLY_loosEjuTpySh6k7xulE8guK13O_38HvqL4JPhXwbn6RkLIpi256Epe1bwp5UmxEI2oS1W3_DTfa5lHgrcfizOiPedS5fGi-LedIDkY2eCsxYg-P5ILngXLzDwm9wgJB0bBjcRmcn7HTDhMYfZDSRMaZ51hlKAfkTkKKUxI7Gq13a7pmjnPgCU8TBgzhcEuuhfmHPO-v_kn0kNm59Rv8C6FHr6wFXgY4KL4YGEkvHw9z4v7H9_vVr_Kze3P9epmUxopulT2lne256CksKbr226wXY9tY4aqUTgIJaERUKOBJUdYKpnNyFq2qlVKSoPyvPh85E4x_JmRkt6HOfq8UldVI1WnmnqZU9UxZWIgimj1FN0B4pMWXL_o10f9OuvX__VrmUvyWKIc9juMb-h3Ws-ZXIru</recordid><startdate>20190901</startdate><enddate>20190901</enddate><creator>Reiffarth, Dominic G.</creator><creator>Petticrew, Ellen L.</creator><creator>Owens, Philip N.</creator><creator>Lobb, David A.</creator><general>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7ST</scope><scope>7UA</scope><scope>7X2</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88I</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>BKSAR</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>F1W</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H96</scope><scope>H97</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>L.G</scope><scope>M0K</scope><scope>M2P</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PCBAR</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>SOI</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9642-1365</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20190901</creationdate><title>Spatial differentiation of cultivated soils using compound-specific stable isotopes (CSSIs) in a temperate agricultural watershed in Manitoba, Canada</title><author>Reiffarth, Dominic G. ; Petticrew, Ellen L. ; Owens, Philip N. ; Lobb, David A.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c319t-bf09fb0a731fc9b89df9be86cd267ed173a61a4eca50ea5734063438787733ce3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2019</creationdate><topic>Agricultural land</topic><topic>Agricultural practices</topic><topic>Agricultural watersheds</topic><topic>Bayesian analysis</topic><topic>Biomarkers</topic><topic>Cropping sequence</topic><topic>Detection</topic><topic>Earth and Environmental Science</topic><topic>Environment</topic><topic>Environmental factors</topic><topic>Environmental Physics</topic><topic>Fatty acids</topic><topic>Fields</topic><topic>Fingerprints</topic><topic>Flame ionization</topic><topic>Gas chromatography</topic><topic>Ionization</topic><topic>Isotope ratios</topic><topic>Isotopes</topic><topic>Mass spectrometry</topic><topic>Mass spectroscopy</topic><topic>Polygons</topic><topic>Probability theory</topic><topic>Riparian land</topic><topic>Riparian zone</topic><topic>Sampling</topic><topic>Sediment</topic><topic>Sediment Fingerprinting in the Critical Zone</topic><topic>Sediment samplers</topic><topic>Sediment samples</topic><topic>Sediment sources</topic><topic>Sediments</topic><topic>Soil</topic><topic>Soil investigations</topic><topic>Soil Science & Conservation</topic><topic>Spring</topic><topic>Stable isotopes</topic><topic>Temporal variations</topic><topic>Tracers</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Reiffarth, Dominic G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Petticrew, Ellen L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Owens, Philip N.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lobb, David A.</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Water Resources Abstracts</collection><collection>Agricultural Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Science Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Sustainability</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Earth, Atmospheric & Aquatic Science Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 2: Ocean Technology, Policy & Non-Living Resources</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 3: Aquatic Pollution & Environmental Quality</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) Professional</collection><collection>Agricultural Science Database</collection><collection>Science Database</collection><collection>Environmental Science Database</collection><collection>Earth, Atmospheric & Aquatic Science Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><jtitle>Journal of soils and sediments</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Reiffarth, Dominic G.</au><au>Petticrew, Ellen L.</au><au>Owens, Philip N.</au><au>Lobb, David A.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Spatial differentiation of cultivated soils using compound-specific stable isotopes (CSSIs) in a temperate agricultural watershed in Manitoba, Canada</atitle><jtitle>Journal of soils and sediments</jtitle><stitle>J Soils Sediments</stitle><date>2019-09-01</date><risdate>2019</risdate><volume>19</volume><issue>9</issue><spage>3411</spage><epage>3426</epage><pages>3411-3426</pages><issn>1439-0108</issn><eissn>1614-7480</eissn><abstract>Purpose
Compound-specific stable isotopes (CSSIs) of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) of plant origin were investigated in a soil and sediment tracing context in a watershed in Manitoba, Canada. Spatial and temporal variability in δ
13
C
FA
values and concentrations was examined at the point, transect, and field scales to determine the (1) ability to differentiate sediment sources in C3-cropped fields, (2) impact of subsampling on source tracer fingerprints, and (3) major sediment source for a downstream mixture using the Bayesian unmixing model MixSIAR.
Materials and methods
Analysis was performed for five agricultural fields over six sampling periods. Soil and sediment samples (320) were processed for VLCFA analyses (C20:0–C30:0, C32:0). Quantification was performed by gas chromatography–flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and
13
C determination by GC combustion–isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GCC-IRMS). Data were analyzed using weighted
t
tests to differentiate fields by δ
13
C
FA
values. The major sediment source was determined using the following steps: (1) a point-in-polygon approach to identify VLCFA tracers; (2) unmixing using MixSIAR; (3) source apportioning using VLCFA concentrations and %C.
Results and discussion
VLCFA δ
13
C
FA
values vary spatially within a cropped field due to environmental factors. Sediment source fingerprints are dependent on the variability in δ
13
C
FA
values and the quantitative combining of subsamples. Cropped fields that appeared homogeneous exhibited a large range in δ
13
C
FA
values, with variability greatest for fall and spring samples; concentrations were lowest at these times. Historical field boundaries played a role. A downstream sediment mixture (June 2013) was analyzed and found to correspond with source data from August 2012. Sediment mixture data (δ
13
C
FA
) for several VLCFAs were found to fall within the source mixing polygons produced by using two cultivated fields and a riparian zone sample as sources.
Conclusions
Variability in δ
13
C
FA
values increased in fall and spring, which could affect the number of subsamples required per source. Most fields could be spatially differentiated using a weighted
t
test, but not necessarily using the same VLCFA chain lengths. Two spatially separated fields with similar cropping histories were difficult to differentiate, but one of the fields was more prone to VLCFA losses. Only one of several source sampling periods led to successful unmixing, suggesting multiple sampling periods for source and/or mixture are necessary. Understanding the spatial and temporal variability affecting δ
13
C
FA
values in source sediments is particularly important for tracing studies using biomarkers in producing a representative fingerprint.</abstract><cop>Berlin/Heidelberg</cop><pub>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</pub><doi>10.1007/s11368-019-02406-3</doi><tpages>16</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9642-1365</orcidid></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Journal of soils and sediments, 2019-09, Vol.19 (9), p.3411-3426 |
| issn | 1439-0108 1614-7480 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_proquest_journals_2263797645 |
| source | SpringerLink Journals |
| subjects | Agricultural land Agricultural practices Agricultural watersheds Bayesian analysis Biomarkers Cropping sequence Detection Earth and Environmental Science Environment Environmental factors Environmental Physics Fatty acids Fields Fingerprints Flame ionization Gas chromatography Ionization Isotope ratios Isotopes Mass spectrometry Mass spectroscopy Polygons Probability theory Riparian land Riparian zone Sampling Sediment Sediment Fingerprinting in the Critical Zone Sediment samplers Sediment samples Sediment sources Sediments Soil Soil investigations Soil Science & Conservation Spring Stable isotopes Temporal variations Tracers |
| title | Spatial differentiation of cultivated soils using compound-specific stable isotopes (CSSIs) in a temperate agricultural watershed in Manitoba, Canada |
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