Mixing of stably stratified gases in subsurface reservoirs: A comparison of diffusion models

Numerical simulations of the mixing of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) in a gravitationally stable configuration have been carried out using the multicomponent flow and transport simulator TOUGH2/EOS7C. The purpose of the simulations is to compare and test the appropriateness of the advective–diffusive model (ADM) relative to the more accurate dusty-gas model (DGM). The configuration is relevant to carbon sequestration in depleted natural gas reservoirs, where injected CO2 will migrate to low levels of the reservoir by buoyancy flow. Once a gravitationally stable configuration is attained, mixing will continue on a longer time scale by molecular diffusion. However, diffusive mixing of real gas components CO2 and CH4 can give rise to pressure gradients that can induce pressurization and flow that may affect the mixing process. Understanding this coupled response of diffusion and flow to concentration gradients is important for predicting mixing times in stratified gas reservoirs used for carbon sequestration. Motivated by prior studies that have shown that the ADM and DGM deviate from one another in low permeability systems, we have compared the ADM and DGM for the case of permeability equal to 10−15 m2 and 10−18 m2. At representative reservoir conditions of 40 bar and 40°C, gas transport by advection and diffusion using the ADM is slightly overpredicted for permeability equal to 10−15 m2, and substantially overpredicted for permeability equal to 10−18 m2 compared to DGM predictions. This result suggests that gas reservoirs with permeabilities larger than approximately 10−15 m2 can be adequately simulated using the ADM. For simulations of gas transport in the cap rock, or other very low permeability layers, the DGM is recommended.