EEMCO Guidance for the Efficacy Assessment of Antiperspirants and Deodorants
Overproduction of sweat, sweaty skin and body odours are unpleasant for many social groups. Body cleansing products are designed to combat these undesirable features of skin. In addition, antiperspirant and deodorant products are more specifically used in the underarm site by a large part of the adu...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Skin pharmacology and applied skin physiology 2003-09, Vol.16 (5), p.324-342 |
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| creator | Piérard, G.E. Elsner, P. Marks, R. Masson, P. Paye, M. |
| description | Overproduction of sweat, sweaty skin and body odours are unpleasant for many social groups. Body cleansing products are designed to combat these undesirable features of skin. In addition, antiperspirant and deodorant products are more specifically used in the underarm site by a large part of the adult population. Antiperspirants are offered to control emotionally triggered sweating in the armpit. Deodorants are designed to combat malodour generated from bacteria-modified sweat. This review summarizes the physiology of eccrine, apocrine and apoeccrine sweat glands. The mechanisms of action of antiperspirants and deodorants are described as well as the factors influencing their efficacies. A series of tests using various measurement methods can be used to demonstrate the efficacy of antiperspirants. These include the gravimetric method, water evaporation quantification, electrodermal measurements, staining procedures, dye injections and cyanoacrylate skin surface strippings and casting replicas. Deodorant efficacy can be evaluated by sensory assessments performed by an expert panel. Indirect support is provided by visualization of apocrine gland excretion and collection of sweat and volatile compounds. Microbiological assessments and chromatographic analysis also provide indirect information. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1159/000072072 |
| format | Article |
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Body cleansing products are designed to combat these undesirable features of skin. In addition, antiperspirant and deodorant products are more specifically used in the underarm site by a large part of the adult population. Antiperspirants are offered to control emotionally triggered sweating in the armpit. Deodorants are designed to combat malodour generated from bacteria-modified sweat. This review summarizes the physiology of eccrine, apocrine and apoeccrine sweat glands. The mechanisms of action of antiperspirants and deodorants are described as well as the factors influencing their efficacies. A series of tests using various measurement methods can be used to demonstrate the efficacy of antiperspirants. These include the gravimetric method, water evaporation quantification, electrodermal measurements, staining procedures, dye injections and cyanoacrylate skin surface strippings and casting replicas. Deodorant efficacy can be evaluated by sensory assessments performed by an expert panel. Indirect support is provided by visualization of apocrine gland excretion and collection of sweat and volatile compounds. Microbiological assessments and chromatographic analysis also provide indirect information.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1660-5527</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1422-2868</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1422-2906</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1660-5535</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1422-2906</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1159/000072072</identifier><identifier>PMID: 12907837</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Basel, Switzerland: Karger</publisher><subject>Apocrine Glands - secretion ; Biological and medical sciences ; Clinical Trials as Topic - legislation & jurisprudence ; Clinical Trials as Topic - methods ; Clinical Trials as Topic/legislation & jurisprudence/methods ; Deodorants - adverse effects ; Deodorants - pharmacology ; Deodorants/adverse effects/pharmacology ; Dermatologie ; Dermatology ; Diseases of the skin. Cosmetics ; Eccrine Glands - secretion ; EEMCO Review ; Human health sciences ; Humans ; Medical sciences ; Practice Guidelines as Topic ; Radiotherapy. Instrumental treatment. Physiotherapy. Reeducation. Rehabilitation, orthophony, crenotherapy. Diet therapy and various other treatments (general aspects) ; Sciences de la santé humaine ; Sweat - secretion ; Sweating - drug effects</subject><ispartof>Skin pharmacology and applied skin physiology, 2003-09, Vol.16 (5), p.324-342</ispartof><rights>2003 S. Karger AG, Basel</rights><rights>2003 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>Copyright 2003 S. Karger AG, Basel</rights><rights>Copyright (c) 2003 S. 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Body cleansing products are designed to combat these undesirable features of skin. In addition, antiperspirant and deodorant products are more specifically used in the underarm site by a large part of the adult population. Antiperspirants are offered to control emotionally triggered sweating in the armpit. Deodorants are designed to combat malodour generated from bacteria-modified sweat. This review summarizes the physiology of eccrine, apocrine and apoeccrine sweat glands. The mechanisms of action of antiperspirants and deodorants are described as well as the factors influencing their efficacies. A series of tests using various measurement methods can be used to demonstrate the efficacy of antiperspirants. These include the gravimetric method, water evaporation quantification, electrodermal measurements, staining procedures, dye injections and cyanoacrylate skin surface strippings and casting replicas. Deodorant efficacy can be evaluated by sensory assessments performed by an expert panel. Indirect support is provided by visualization of apocrine gland excretion and collection of sweat and volatile compounds. Microbiological assessments and chromatographic analysis also provide indirect information.</description><subject>Apocrine Glands - secretion</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Clinical Trials as Topic - legislation & jurisprudence</subject><subject>Clinical Trials as Topic - methods</subject><subject>Clinical Trials as Topic/legislation & jurisprudence/methods</subject><subject>Deodorants - adverse effects</subject><subject>Deodorants - pharmacology</subject><subject>Deodorants/adverse effects/pharmacology</subject><subject>Dermatologie</subject><subject>Dermatology</subject><subject>Diseases of the skin. Cosmetics</subject><subject>Eccrine Glands - secretion</subject><subject>EEMCO Review</subject><subject>Human health sciences</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Medical sciences</subject><subject>Practice Guidelines as Topic</subject><subject>Radiotherapy. Instrumental treatment. Physiotherapy. Reeducation. Rehabilitation, orthophony, crenotherapy. 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Cosmetics</topic><topic>Eccrine Glands - secretion</topic><topic>EEMCO Review</topic><topic>Human health sciences</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Medical sciences</topic><topic>Practice Guidelines as Topic</topic><topic>Radiotherapy. Instrumental treatment. Physiotherapy. Reeducation. Rehabilitation, orthophony, crenotherapy. 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Body cleansing products are designed to combat these undesirable features of skin. In addition, antiperspirant and deodorant products are more specifically used in the underarm site by a large part of the adult population. Antiperspirants are offered to control emotionally triggered sweating in the armpit. Deodorants are designed to combat malodour generated from bacteria-modified sweat. This review summarizes the physiology of eccrine, apocrine and apoeccrine sweat glands. The mechanisms of action of antiperspirants and deodorants are described as well as the factors influencing their efficacies. A series of tests using various measurement methods can be used to demonstrate the efficacy of antiperspirants. These include the gravimetric method, water evaporation quantification, electrodermal measurements, staining procedures, dye injections and cyanoacrylate skin surface strippings and casting replicas. Deodorant efficacy can be evaluated by sensory assessments performed by an expert panel. Indirect support is provided by visualization of apocrine gland excretion and collection of sweat and volatile compounds. Microbiological assessments and chromatographic analysis also provide indirect information.</abstract><cop>Basel, Switzerland</cop><pub>Karger</pub><pmid>12907837</pmid><doi>10.1159/000072072</doi><tpages>19</tpages></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Skin pharmacology and applied skin physiology, 2003-09, Vol.16 (5), p.324-342 |
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| language | eng |
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| source | Karger Journals; MEDLINE; Alma/SFX Local Collection |
| subjects | Apocrine Glands - secretion Biological and medical sciences Clinical Trials as Topic - legislation & jurisprudence Clinical Trials as Topic - methods Clinical Trials as Topic/legislation & jurisprudence/methods Deodorants - adverse effects Deodorants - pharmacology Deodorants/adverse effects/pharmacology Dermatologie Dermatology Diseases of the skin. Cosmetics Eccrine Glands - secretion EEMCO Review Human health sciences Humans Medical sciences Practice Guidelines as Topic Radiotherapy. Instrumental treatment. Physiotherapy. Reeducation. Rehabilitation, orthophony, crenotherapy. Diet therapy and various other treatments (general aspects) Sciences de la santé humaine Sweat - secretion Sweating - drug effects |
| title | EEMCO Guidance for the Efficacy Assessment of Antiperspirants and Deodorants |
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