Determining the depth of mixing layer in which soil solute releasing from soil to surface runoff on the unsaturated loess slope under artificial rainfall condition
Purpose The mixing zone depth is a critical parameter in many popular agricultural non-point source pollution (NPS) models. Its variation for some special soil conditions and easily erosive region was limitedly studied. This study dealt with the extent of Br − releasing from soil to surface runoff,...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of soils and sediments 2020, Vol.20 (1), p.153-165 |
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| creator | Zhang, Yali Zhang, Xingchang Shi, Shujuan Li, Huaien Xiao, Peiqing |
| description | Purpose
The mixing zone depth is a critical parameter in many popular agricultural non-point source pollution (NPS) models. Its variation for some special soil conditions and easily erosive region was limitedly studied. This study dealt with the extent of Br
−
releasing from soil to surface runoff, the actual mixing depth and the calculated one on the unsaturated loess slope, and the influences of soil initial moistures.
Materials and methods
Br
−
was placed as a tracer at different soil depths in the loess slope with three soil initial moistures. Br
−
concentration in surface runoff and soil profiles was monitored under simulated rainfall condition. The actual mixing layer depth was determined by whether Br
−
in that layer could be detected in surface runoff during the whole rainfall process. The average effective depth of interaction (EDI) was calculated by the confirmation method reported before.
Results and discussion
The shallower the application depth, the higher the Br
−
concentration and loss risk in surface runoff. The net loss rate had an exponential decreasing correlation with the solute-applied depth. The depth of Br
−
peak content in soil profile after the rainfall ended increased with the application depth. Br
−
concentration in the surface soil was more than that in the runoff at the end of rainfall, which indicated an incomplete mixing between runoff water and soil water in the mixing layer. Under this experimental condition, the actual mixing layer depth for 3.5% soil moisture slope was about 3 cm, that for 10% soil moisture was 6 cm or so, and that for 20% soil moisture was more than 7 cm. The average EDI calculated for 3.5, 10, and 20% soil moisture was 2.31, 3.76 and 4.95 cm, respectively, which were less than the actual mixing layer depth and more than some former studies.
Conclusions
The traditional 1.0-cm mixing depth in many agricultural NPS models might not be so exact for some special region. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s11368-019-02370-y |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_journals_2246543721</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>2246543721</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c319t-76734f0e14710e396e254d6595ea29caaadb0e76aefff91e609a27e540c16faf3</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp9Ub1OwzAQjhBIQOEFmCwxB-zYsZsR8S8hscBsHcm5deXaxXYEfR5eFJcgsbHcnb6_G76qOmP0glGqLhNjXM5ryrqaNlzRertXHTHJRK3EnO6XW_BCMTo_rI5TWlHKVaGPqq8bzBjX1lu_IHmJZMBNXpJgyNp-7jAHW4zEevKxtP2SpGBdGW7MSCI6hLQTmRjWE5UDSWM00Bd69MEYEvxP7ugT5DFCxoG4gCmR5MJmhw8lH2K2xvYWHIlgvQHnSB_8YLMN_qQ6KEDC0989q17vbl-uH-qn5_vH66unuuesy7WSigtDkQnFKPJOYtOKQbZdi9B0PQAMbxSVBDTGdAwl7aBR2AraM2nA8Fl1PuVuYngfMWW9CmP05aVuGiFbwVXDiqqZVH0MKUU0ehPtGuJWM6p3ZeipDF3K0D9l6G0x8cmUitgvMP5F_-P6Bofukc8</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2246543721</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Determining the depth of mixing layer in which soil solute releasing from soil to surface runoff on the unsaturated loess slope under artificial rainfall condition</title><source>SpringerLink Journals - AutoHoldings</source><creator>Zhang, Yali ; Zhang, Xingchang ; Shi, Shujuan ; Li, Huaien ; Xiao, Peiqing</creator><creatorcontrib>Zhang, Yali ; Zhang, Xingchang ; Shi, Shujuan ; Li, Huaien ; Xiao, Peiqing</creatorcontrib><description>Purpose
The mixing zone depth is a critical parameter in many popular agricultural non-point source pollution (NPS) models. Its variation for some special soil conditions and easily erosive region was limitedly studied. This study dealt with the extent of Br
−
releasing from soil to surface runoff, the actual mixing depth and the calculated one on the unsaturated loess slope, and the influences of soil initial moistures.
Materials and methods
Br
−
was placed as a tracer at different soil depths in the loess slope with three soil initial moistures. Br
−
concentration in surface runoff and soil profiles was monitored under simulated rainfall condition. The actual mixing layer depth was determined by whether Br
−
in that layer could be detected in surface runoff during the whole rainfall process. The average effective depth of interaction (EDI) was calculated by the confirmation method reported before.
Results and discussion
The shallower the application depth, the higher the Br
−
concentration and loss risk in surface runoff. The net loss rate had an exponential decreasing correlation with the solute-applied depth. The depth of Br
−
peak content in soil profile after the rainfall ended increased with the application depth. Br
−
concentration in the surface soil was more than that in the runoff at the end of rainfall, which indicated an incomplete mixing between runoff water and soil water in the mixing layer. Under this experimental condition, the actual mixing layer depth for 3.5% soil moisture slope was about 3 cm, that for 10% soil moisture was 6 cm or so, and that for 20% soil moisture was more than 7 cm. The average EDI calculated for 3.5, 10, and 20% soil moisture was 2.31, 3.76 and 4.95 cm, respectively, which were less than the actual mixing layer depth and more than some former studies.
Conclusions
The traditional 1.0-cm mixing depth in many agricultural NPS models might not be so exact for some special region.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1439-0108</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1614-7480</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s11368-019-02370-y</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg</publisher><subject>Agricultural runoff ; Computer simulation ; Condition monitoring ; Depth ; Earth and Environmental Science ; Environ Risk Assess ; Environment ; Environmental Physics ; Loess ; Moisture content ; Net losses ; Nonpoint source pollution ; Point source pollution ; Profiles ; Rain ; Rainfall ; Runoff ; Sec 2 • Global Change ; Simulated rainfall ; Soil ; Soil conditions ; Soil depth ; Soil layers ; Soil moisture ; Soil pollution ; Soil profiles ; Soil properties ; Soil Science & Conservation ; Soil surfaces ; Soil water ; Soils ; Solutes ; Surface runoff ; Sustainable Land Use • Research Article ; Tracers ; Water pollution</subject><ispartof>Journal of soils and sediments, 2020, Vol.20 (1), p.153-165</ispartof><rights>Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019</rights><rights>Journal of Soils and Sediments is a copyright of Springer, (2019). All Rights Reserved.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c319t-76734f0e14710e396e254d6595ea29caaadb0e76aefff91e609a27e540c16faf3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c319t-76734f0e14710e396e254d6595ea29caaadb0e76aefff91e609a27e540c16faf3</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-8592-7424</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11368-019-02370-y$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11368-019-02370-y$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925,41488,42557,51319</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Zhang, Yali</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhang, Xingchang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shi, Shujuan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, Huaien</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Xiao, Peiqing</creatorcontrib><title>Determining the depth of mixing layer in which soil solute releasing from soil to surface runoff on the unsaturated loess slope under artificial rainfall condition</title><title>Journal of soils and sediments</title><addtitle>J Soils Sediments</addtitle><description>Purpose
The mixing zone depth is a critical parameter in many popular agricultural non-point source pollution (NPS) models. Its variation for some special soil conditions and easily erosive region was limitedly studied. This study dealt with the extent of Br
−
releasing from soil to surface runoff, the actual mixing depth and the calculated one on the unsaturated loess slope, and the influences of soil initial moistures.
Materials and methods
Br
−
was placed as a tracer at different soil depths in the loess slope with three soil initial moistures. Br
−
concentration in surface runoff and soil profiles was monitored under simulated rainfall condition. The actual mixing layer depth was determined by whether Br
−
in that layer could be detected in surface runoff during the whole rainfall process. The average effective depth of interaction (EDI) was calculated by the confirmation method reported before.
Results and discussion
The shallower the application depth, the higher the Br
−
concentration and loss risk in surface runoff. The net loss rate had an exponential decreasing correlation with the solute-applied depth. The depth of Br
−
peak content in soil profile after the rainfall ended increased with the application depth. Br
−
concentration in the surface soil was more than that in the runoff at the end of rainfall, which indicated an incomplete mixing between runoff water and soil water in the mixing layer. Under this experimental condition, the actual mixing layer depth for 3.5% soil moisture slope was about 3 cm, that for 10% soil moisture was 6 cm or so, and that for 20% soil moisture was more than 7 cm. The average EDI calculated for 3.5, 10, and 20% soil moisture was 2.31, 3.76 and 4.95 cm, respectively, which were less than the actual mixing layer depth and more than some former studies.
Conclusions
The traditional 1.0-cm mixing depth in many agricultural NPS models might not be so exact for some special region.</description><subject>Agricultural runoff</subject><subject>Computer simulation</subject><subject>Condition monitoring</subject><subject>Depth</subject><subject>Earth and Environmental Science</subject><subject>Environ Risk Assess</subject><subject>Environment</subject><subject>Environmental Physics</subject><subject>Loess</subject><subject>Moisture content</subject><subject>Net losses</subject><subject>Nonpoint source pollution</subject><subject>Point source pollution</subject><subject>Profiles</subject><subject>Rain</subject><subject>Rainfall</subject><subject>Runoff</subject><subject>Sec 2 • Global Change</subject><subject>Simulated rainfall</subject><subject>Soil</subject><subject>Soil conditions</subject><subject>Soil depth</subject><subject>Soil layers</subject><subject>Soil moisture</subject><subject>Soil pollution</subject><subject>Soil profiles</subject><subject>Soil properties</subject><subject>Soil Science & Conservation</subject><subject>Soil surfaces</subject><subject>Soil water</subject><subject>Soils</subject><subject>Solutes</subject><subject>Surface runoff</subject><subject>Sustainable Land Use • Research Article</subject><subject>Tracers</subject><subject>Water pollution</subject><issn>1439-0108</issn><issn>1614-7480</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2020</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><recordid>eNp9Ub1OwzAQjhBIQOEFmCwxB-zYsZsR8S8hscBsHcm5deXaxXYEfR5eFJcgsbHcnb6_G76qOmP0glGqLhNjXM5ryrqaNlzRertXHTHJRK3EnO6XW_BCMTo_rI5TWlHKVaGPqq8bzBjX1lu_IHmJZMBNXpJgyNp-7jAHW4zEevKxtP2SpGBdGW7MSCI6hLQTmRjWE5UDSWM00Bd69MEYEvxP7ugT5DFCxoG4gCmR5MJmhw8lH2K2xvYWHIlgvQHnSB_8YLMN_qQ6KEDC0989q17vbl-uH-qn5_vH66unuuesy7WSigtDkQnFKPJOYtOKQbZdi9B0PQAMbxSVBDTGdAwl7aBR2AraM2nA8Fl1PuVuYngfMWW9CmP05aVuGiFbwVXDiqqZVH0MKUU0ehPtGuJWM6p3ZeipDF3K0D9l6G0x8cmUitgvMP5F_-P6Bofukc8</recordid><startdate>2020</startdate><enddate>2020</enddate><creator>Zhang, Yali</creator><creator>Zhang, Xingchang</creator><creator>Shi, Shujuan</creator><creator>Li, Huaien</creator><creator>Xiao, Peiqing</creator><general>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7ST</scope><scope>7UA</scope><scope>7X2</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88I</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>BKSAR</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>F1W</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H96</scope><scope>H97</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>L.G</scope><scope>M0K</scope><scope>M2P</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PCBAR</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>SOI</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8592-7424</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>2020</creationdate><title>Determining the depth of mixing layer in which soil solute releasing from soil to surface runoff on the unsaturated loess slope under artificial rainfall condition</title><author>Zhang, Yali ; Zhang, Xingchang ; Shi, Shujuan ; Li, Huaien ; Xiao, Peiqing</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c319t-76734f0e14710e396e254d6595ea29caaadb0e76aefff91e609a27e540c16faf3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2020</creationdate><topic>Agricultural runoff</topic><topic>Computer simulation</topic><topic>Condition monitoring</topic><topic>Depth</topic><topic>Earth and Environmental Science</topic><topic>Environ Risk Assess</topic><topic>Environment</topic><topic>Environmental Physics</topic><topic>Loess</topic><topic>Moisture content</topic><topic>Net losses</topic><topic>Nonpoint source pollution</topic><topic>Point source pollution</topic><topic>Profiles</topic><topic>Rain</topic><topic>Rainfall</topic><topic>Runoff</topic><topic>Sec 2 • Global Change</topic><topic>Simulated rainfall</topic><topic>Soil</topic><topic>Soil conditions</topic><topic>Soil depth</topic><topic>Soil layers</topic><topic>Soil moisture</topic><topic>Soil pollution</topic><topic>Soil profiles</topic><topic>Soil properties</topic><topic>Soil Science & Conservation</topic><topic>Soil surfaces</topic><topic>Soil water</topic><topic>Soils</topic><topic>Solutes</topic><topic>Surface runoff</topic><topic>Sustainable Land Use • Research Article</topic><topic>Tracers</topic><topic>Water pollution</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Zhang, Yali</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhang, Xingchang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shi, Shujuan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, Huaien</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Xiao, Peiqing</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Water Resources Abstracts</collection><collection>Agricultural Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Science Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Earth, Atmospheric & Aquatic Science Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 2: Ocean Technology, Policy & Non-Living Resources</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 3: Aquatic Pollution & Environmental Quality</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) Professional</collection><collection>Agricultural Science Database</collection><collection>Science Database</collection><collection>Environmental Science Database</collection><collection>Earth, Atmospheric & Aquatic Science Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><jtitle>Journal of soils and sediments</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Zhang, Yali</au><au>Zhang, Xingchang</au><au>Shi, Shujuan</au><au>Li, Huaien</au><au>Xiao, Peiqing</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Determining the depth of mixing layer in which soil solute releasing from soil to surface runoff on the unsaturated loess slope under artificial rainfall condition</atitle><jtitle>Journal of soils and sediments</jtitle><stitle>J Soils Sediments</stitle><date>2020</date><risdate>2020</risdate><volume>20</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>153</spage><epage>165</epage><pages>153-165</pages><issn>1439-0108</issn><eissn>1614-7480</eissn><abstract>Purpose
The mixing zone depth is a critical parameter in many popular agricultural non-point source pollution (NPS) models. Its variation for some special soil conditions and easily erosive region was limitedly studied. This study dealt with the extent of Br
−
releasing from soil to surface runoff, the actual mixing depth and the calculated one on the unsaturated loess slope, and the influences of soil initial moistures.
Materials and methods
Br
−
was placed as a tracer at different soil depths in the loess slope with three soil initial moistures. Br
−
concentration in surface runoff and soil profiles was monitored under simulated rainfall condition. The actual mixing layer depth was determined by whether Br
−
in that layer could be detected in surface runoff during the whole rainfall process. The average effective depth of interaction (EDI) was calculated by the confirmation method reported before.
Results and discussion
The shallower the application depth, the higher the Br
−
concentration and loss risk in surface runoff. The net loss rate had an exponential decreasing correlation with the solute-applied depth. The depth of Br
−
peak content in soil profile after the rainfall ended increased with the application depth. Br
−
concentration in the surface soil was more than that in the runoff at the end of rainfall, which indicated an incomplete mixing between runoff water and soil water in the mixing layer. Under this experimental condition, the actual mixing layer depth for 3.5% soil moisture slope was about 3 cm, that for 10% soil moisture was 6 cm or so, and that for 20% soil moisture was more than 7 cm. The average EDI calculated for 3.5, 10, and 20% soil moisture was 2.31, 3.76 and 4.95 cm, respectively, which were less than the actual mixing layer depth and more than some former studies.
Conclusions
The traditional 1.0-cm mixing depth in many agricultural NPS models might not be so exact for some special region.</abstract><cop>Berlin/Heidelberg</cop><pub>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</pub><doi>10.1007/s11368-019-02370-y</doi><tpages>13</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8592-7424</orcidid></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Agricultural runoff Computer simulation Condition monitoring Depth Earth and Environmental Science Environ Risk Assess Environment Environmental Physics Loess Moisture content Net losses Nonpoint source pollution Point source pollution Profiles Rain Rainfall Runoff Sec 2 • Global Change Simulated rainfall Soil Soil conditions Soil depth Soil layers Soil moisture Soil pollution Soil profiles Soil properties Soil Science & Conservation Soil surfaces Soil water Soils Solutes Surface runoff Sustainable Land Use • Research Article Tracers Water pollution |
| title | Determining the depth of mixing layer in which soil solute releasing from soil to surface runoff on the unsaturated loess slope under artificial rainfall condition |
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