The Chemistry of Sub-Alpine Streams in Mined Regions of the North Cascades Range
One hundred and fifty years of mineral extraction throughout the mountainous Ruby Creek watershed, Washington has left a legacy of historical hard rock mines and placer claims and their wastes. We conducted a watershed-scale chemical analysis of these gold-bearing tributaries, accounting for seasona...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Water, air, and soil pollution air, and soil pollution, 2019-07, Vol.230 (7), p.1-15, Article 143 |
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| creator | Bannerman, Brooke G. Bodensteiner, Leo R. Sofield, Ruth M. Rawhouser, Ashley K. |
| description | One hundred and fifty years of mineral extraction throughout the mountainous Ruby Creek watershed, Washington has left a legacy of historical hard rock mines and placer claims and their wastes. We conducted a watershed-scale chemical analysis of these gold-bearing tributaries, accounting for seasonal variability in streamflow, to identify spatial and temporal changes in stream chemistry and attribute them to natural processes or mining activities. We used hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) to group chemically similar water samples based on concentrations of 23 metals, pH, and conductivity and compared the chemistry of HCA-generated clusters of water samples using pairwise comparisons to find chemical patterns. Total concentrations of As, Ba, Ca, Mg, Na, Sb, and Se, dissolved concentrations of Fe, and conductivity increased as streamflow progressed from snowmelt-influenced to baseflow. High total concentrations of Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, V, and Zn during spring snowmelt and after rains were attributable to acid mine drainage at historical hard rock mines and prospect sites. Smaller-scale placer mining, by way of suction dredging and motorized gold panning, was associated with high concentrations of Al, Ba, Cd, Co, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, and Zn downstream. Stream biota may be adversely affected by exposure to Pb, which exceeded USEPA’s Aquatic Life Criteria, and exposure to particulate metals suspended in the water column. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s11270-019-4195-9 |
| format | Article |
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We conducted a watershed-scale chemical analysis of these gold-bearing tributaries, accounting for seasonal variability in streamflow, to identify spatial and temporal changes in stream chemistry and attribute them to natural processes or mining activities. We used hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) to group chemically similar water samples based on concentrations of 23 metals, pH, and conductivity and compared the chemistry of HCA-generated clusters of water samples using pairwise comparisons to find chemical patterns. Total concentrations of As, Ba, Ca, Mg, Na, Sb, and Se, dissolved concentrations of Fe, and conductivity increased as streamflow progressed from snowmelt-influenced to baseflow. High total concentrations of Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, V, and Zn during spring snowmelt and after rains were attributable to acid mine drainage at historical hard rock mines and prospect sites. Smaller-scale placer mining, by way of suction dredging and motorized gold panning, was associated with high concentrations of Al, Ba, Cd, Co, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, and Zn downstream. Stream biota may be adversely affected by exposure to Pb, which exceeded USEPA’s Aquatic Life Criteria, and exposure to particulate metals suspended in the water column.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0049-6979</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1573-2932</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s11270-019-4195-9</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Cham: Springer International Publishing</publisher><subject>Acid mine drainage ; Aluminum ; Analysis ; Antimony ; Aquatic organisms ; Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution ; Base flow ; Biota ; Bottom trawling ; Cadmium ; Calcium ; Cascades ; Chemical analysis ; Chemistry ; Chromium ; Climate Change/Climate Change Impacts ; Cluster analysis ; Coastal inlets ; Cobalt ; Conductivity ; Copper ; Dredging ; Earth and Environmental Science ; Electric properties ; Environment ; Environmental monitoring ; Fishes ; Gold ; Heavy metals ; Hydrogeology ; Iron ; Lead ; Magnesium ; Manganese ; Metal concentrations ; Metals ; Mineral industry ; Mines ; Mining industry ; Nickel ; Organic chemistry ; Panning ; Placer mining ; Rivers ; Rocks ; Ruby ; Seasonal variation ; Seasonal variations ; Snowmelt ; Soil Science & Conservation ; Stream biota ; Stream discharge ; Stream flow ; Streamflow ; Suction ; Temporal variations ; Tributaries ; Water analysis ; Water circulation ; Water column ; Water pollution ; Water Quality/Water Pollution ; Water samples ; Water sampling ; Watersheds ; Zinc</subject><ispartof>Water, air, and soil pollution, 2019-07, Vol.230 (7), p.1-15, Article 143</ispartof><rights>Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019</rights><rights>COPYRIGHT 2019 Springer</rights><rights>Water, Air, & Soil Pollution is a copyright of Springer, (2019). All Rights Reserved.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c355t-c23572c0bfedf7cee0c6228697023e34c922ff25b3e3a53193dce7e9579b8b013</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c355t-c23572c0bfedf7cee0c6228697023e34c922ff25b3e3a53193dce7e9579b8b013</cites><orcidid>0000-0003-4306-084X</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11270-019-4195-9$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11270-019-4195-9$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,27901,27902,41464,42533,51294</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Bannerman, Brooke G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bodensteiner, Leo R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sofield, Ruth M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rawhouser, Ashley K.</creatorcontrib><title>The Chemistry of Sub-Alpine Streams in Mined Regions of the North Cascades Range</title><title>Water, air, and soil pollution</title><addtitle>Water Air Soil Pollut</addtitle><description>One hundred and fifty years of mineral extraction throughout the mountainous Ruby Creek watershed, Washington has left a legacy of historical hard rock mines and placer claims and their wastes. We conducted a watershed-scale chemical analysis of these gold-bearing tributaries, accounting for seasonal variability in streamflow, to identify spatial and temporal changes in stream chemistry and attribute them to natural processes or mining activities. We used hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) to group chemically similar water samples based on concentrations of 23 metals, pH, and conductivity and compared the chemistry of HCA-generated clusters of water samples using pairwise comparisons to find chemical patterns. Total concentrations of As, Ba, Ca, Mg, Na, Sb, and Se, dissolved concentrations of Fe, and conductivity increased as streamflow progressed from snowmelt-influenced to baseflow. High total concentrations of Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, V, and Zn during spring snowmelt and after rains were attributable to acid mine drainage at historical hard rock mines and prospect sites. Smaller-scale placer mining, by way of suction dredging and motorized gold panning, was associated with high concentrations of Al, Ba, Cd, Co, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, and Zn downstream. Stream biota may be adversely affected by exposure to Pb, which exceeded USEPA’s Aquatic Life Criteria, and exposure to particulate metals suspended in the water column.</description><subject>Acid mine drainage</subject><subject>Aluminum</subject><subject>Analysis</subject><subject>Antimony</subject><subject>Aquatic organisms</subject><subject>Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution</subject><subject>Base flow</subject><subject>Biota</subject><subject>Bottom trawling</subject><subject>Cadmium</subject><subject>Calcium</subject><subject>Cascades</subject><subject>Chemical analysis</subject><subject>Chemistry</subject><subject>Chromium</subject><subject>Climate Change/Climate Change Impacts</subject><subject>Cluster analysis</subject><subject>Coastal inlets</subject><subject>Cobalt</subject><subject>Conductivity</subject><subject>Copper</subject><subject>Dredging</subject><subject>Earth and Environmental Science</subject><subject>Electric 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We conducted a watershed-scale chemical analysis of these gold-bearing tributaries, accounting for seasonal variability in streamflow, to identify spatial and temporal changes in stream chemistry and attribute them to natural processes or mining activities. We used hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) to group chemically similar water samples based on concentrations of 23 metals, pH, and conductivity and compared the chemistry of HCA-generated clusters of water samples using pairwise comparisons to find chemical patterns. Total concentrations of As, Ba, Ca, Mg, Na, Sb, and Se, dissolved concentrations of Fe, and conductivity increased as streamflow progressed from snowmelt-influenced to baseflow. High total concentrations of Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, V, and Zn during spring snowmelt and after rains were attributable to acid mine drainage at historical hard rock mines and prospect sites. Smaller-scale placer mining, by way of suction dredging and motorized gold panning, was associated with high concentrations of Al, Ba, Cd, Co, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, and Zn downstream. Stream biota may be adversely affected by exposure to Pb, which exceeded USEPA’s Aquatic Life Criteria, and exposure to particulate metals suspended in the water column.</abstract><cop>Cham</cop><pub>Springer International Publishing</pub><doi>10.1007/s11270-019-4195-9</doi><tpages>15</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4306-084X</orcidid></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Water, air, and soil pollution, 2019-07, Vol.230 (7), p.1-15, Article 143 |
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| subjects | Acid mine drainage Aluminum Analysis Antimony Aquatic organisms Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution Base flow Biota Bottom trawling Cadmium Calcium Cascades Chemical analysis Chemistry Chromium Climate Change/Climate Change Impacts Cluster analysis Coastal inlets Cobalt Conductivity Copper Dredging Earth and Environmental Science Electric properties Environment Environmental monitoring Fishes Gold Heavy metals Hydrogeology Iron Lead Magnesium Manganese Metal concentrations Metals Mineral industry Mines Mining industry Nickel Organic chemistry Panning Placer mining Rivers Rocks Ruby Seasonal variation Seasonal variations Snowmelt Soil Science & Conservation Stream biota Stream discharge Stream flow Streamflow Suction Temporal variations Tributaries Water analysis Water circulation Water column Water pollution Water Quality/Water Pollution Water samples Water sampling Watersheds Zinc |
| title | The Chemistry of Sub-Alpine Streams in Mined Regions of the North Cascades Range |
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