Vitamin D Deficiency: Defining, Prevalence, Causes, and Strategies of Addressing
There are variable definitions of vitamin D deficiency, based on different thresholds of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D); this has a major bearing on the prevalence estimates of vitamin D deficiency and consequently on the magnitude of the public health issue of low vitamin D status. Despite thi...
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| description | There are variable definitions of vitamin D deficiency, based on different thresholds of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D); this has a major bearing on the prevalence estimates of vitamin D deficiency and consequently on the magnitude of the public health issue of low vitamin D status. Despite this, there is widespread acknowledgement of the presence of vitamin D deficiency, even using the most conservative serum 25(OH)D threshold of |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s00223-019-00559-4 |
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Despite this, there is widespread acknowledgement of the presence of vitamin D deficiency, even using the most conservative serum 25(OH)D threshold of < 25/30 nmol/L, in both low- and high-income country setting and the pressing need to address this deficiency. While ultraviolet B-rich sunlight stimulates synthesis of vitamin D in skin, there are environmental factors and personal characteristics which prevent or impede such dermal synthesis. There are several complexities and concerns in advocating sun exposure as a public health approach for increasing vitamin D status. This places increased emphasis on addressing vitamin D deficiency through dietary means. However, naturally rich sources of vitamin D are few and infrequently consumed, and nutrition surveillance data from various countries have indicated that habitual vitamin D intakes in the population are much lower than the recommendations. There are a number of strategies that can be considered for the control of micronutrient malnutrition, these include (i) increasing the diversity of foods consumed, (ii) food fortification, and (iii) supplementation. The present narrative review will consider these strategies for addressing low dietary vitamin D intake and consequently lowering the risk of vitamin D deficiency.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0171-967X</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1432-0827</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s00223-019-00559-4</identifier><identifier>PMID: 31069443</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>New York: Springer US</publisher><subject>25-Hydroxyvitamin D ; Biochemistry ; Biomedical and Life Sciences ; Cell Biology ; Dietary intake ; Dietary supplements ; Endocrinology ; Environmental factors ; Life Sciences ; Malnutrition ; Nutrient deficiency ; Orthopedics ; Public health ; Review ; Skin ; Vitamin D ; Vitamin deficiency</subject><ispartof>Calcified tissue international, 2020-01, Vol.106 (1), p.14-29</ispartof><rights>Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2019</rights><rights>Calcified Tissue International is a copyright of Springer, (2019). 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Despite this, there is widespread acknowledgement of the presence of vitamin D deficiency, even using the most conservative serum 25(OH)D threshold of < 25/30 nmol/L, in both low- and high-income country setting and the pressing need to address this deficiency. While ultraviolet B-rich sunlight stimulates synthesis of vitamin D in skin, there are environmental factors and personal characteristics which prevent or impede such dermal synthesis. There are several complexities and concerns in advocating sun exposure as a public health approach for increasing vitamin D status. This places increased emphasis on addressing vitamin D deficiency through dietary means. However, naturally rich sources of vitamin D are few and infrequently consumed, and nutrition surveillance data from various countries have indicated that habitual vitamin D intakes in the population are much lower than the recommendations. There are a number of strategies that can be considered for the control of micronutrient malnutrition, these include (i) increasing the diversity of foods consumed, (ii) food fortification, and (iii) supplementation. The present narrative review will consider these strategies for addressing low dietary vitamin D intake and consequently lowering the risk of vitamin D deficiency.</description><subject>25-Hydroxyvitamin D</subject><subject>Biochemistry</subject><subject>Biomedical and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Cell Biology</subject><subject>Dietary intake</subject><subject>Dietary supplements</subject><subject>Endocrinology</subject><subject>Environmental factors</subject><subject>Life Sciences</subject><subject>Malnutrition</subject><subject>Nutrient deficiency</subject><subject>Orthopedics</subject><subject>Public health</subject><subject>Review</subject><subject>Skin</subject><subject>Vitamin D</subject><subject>Vitamin 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D.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c441t-80c81db0e43b9e590ebebf5dad9f82d3371ac7dd99933d4e89c6dfafb62684893</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2020</creationdate><topic>25-Hydroxyvitamin D</topic><topic>Biochemistry</topic><topic>Biomedical and Life Sciences</topic><topic>Cell Biology</topic><topic>Dietary intake</topic><topic>Dietary supplements</topic><topic>Endocrinology</topic><topic>Environmental factors</topic><topic>Life Sciences</topic><topic>Malnutrition</topic><topic>Nutrient deficiency</topic><topic>Orthopedics</topic><topic>Public health</topic><topic>Review</topic><topic>Skin</topic><topic>Vitamin D</topic><topic>Vitamin deficiency</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Cashman, Kevin D.</creatorcontrib><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central 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Despite this, there is widespread acknowledgement of the presence of vitamin D deficiency, even using the most conservative serum 25(OH)D threshold of < 25/30 nmol/L, in both low- and high-income country setting and the pressing need to address this deficiency. While ultraviolet B-rich sunlight stimulates synthesis of vitamin D in skin, there are environmental factors and personal characteristics which prevent or impede such dermal synthesis. There are several complexities and concerns in advocating sun exposure as a public health approach for increasing vitamin D status. This places increased emphasis on addressing vitamin D deficiency through dietary means. However, naturally rich sources of vitamin D are few and infrequently consumed, and nutrition surveillance data from various countries have indicated that habitual vitamin D intakes in the population are much lower than the recommendations. 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| subjects | 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Biochemistry Biomedical and Life Sciences Cell Biology Dietary intake Dietary supplements Endocrinology Environmental factors Life Sciences Malnutrition Nutrient deficiency Orthopedics Public health Review Skin Vitamin D Vitamin deficiency |
| title | Vitamin D Deficiency: Defining, Prevalence, Causes, and Strategies of Addressing |
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