Analysis of Growth Factors and Inflammatory Cytokines in Exhaled Breath Condensate from Asthmatic Children
Background: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), AA isoform of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-AA), and epidermal growth factor (EGF) are involved in the pathogenesis of airway inflammation in asthma. These molecules are closely associated with cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (T...
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description | Background: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), AA isoform of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-AA), and epidermal growth factor (EGF) are involved in the pathogenesis of airway inflammation in asthma. These molecules are closely associated with cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-4. This study investigates the relation between childhood asthma and levels of these mediators in exhaled breath condensate (EBC). Methods: EBC was collected from asthmatic children and controls using a disposable collection kit, and the concentrations of VEGF, PDGF-AA, EGF, TNF-α and IL-4 in EBC were measured using sandwich enzyme immunoassays. Exhaled nitric oxide concentration was measured by a chemiluminescence analyzer. Results: Thirty-five asthmatic patients aged between 7 and 18 years and 11 controls were recruited. Sixteen patients had intermittent asthma (IA) whereas 19 of them suffered from persistent asthma (PA). A significant correlation was found between IL-4 and TNF-α in EBC (ρ = 0.374, p = 0.010). PDGF-AA levels in EBC were higher in subjects with diminished FEV 1 (p = 0.023) whereas IL-4 concentrations were increased in asthmatics (p = 0.007) as well as subjects with increased plasma total IgE (p = 0.033). Patients with PA receiving high-dose inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) had higher EBC IL-4 concentration than those on low-dose ICS (p = 0.007). Linear regression revealed that PDGF-AA levels in EBC were negatively associated with FEV 1 percentage (β = –0.459, p = 0.006) among the asthmatic patients. Conclusions: IL-4 in EBC is increased in childhood asthma, and growth factors are detectable in a significant proportion of these children. Increased PDGF-AA is found in asthmatics with more severe airflow limitation. |
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These molecules are closely associated with cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-4. This study investigates the relation between childhood asthma and levels of these mediators in exhaled breath condensate (EBC). Methods: EBC was collected from asthmatic children and controls using a disposable collection kit, and the concentrations of VEGF, PDGF-AA, EGF, TNF-α and IL-4 in EBC were measured using sandwich enzyme immunoassays. Exhaled nitric oxide concentration was measured by a chemiluminescence analyzer. Results: Thirty-five asthmatic patients aged between 7 and 18 years and 11 controls were recruited. Sixteen patients had intermittent asthma (IA) whereas 19 of them suffered from persistent asthma (PA). A significant correlation was found between IL-4 and TNF-α in EBC (ρ = 0.374, p = 0.010). PDGF-AA levels in EBC were higher in subjects with diminished FEV 1 (p = 0.023) whereas IL-4 concentrations were increased in asthmatics (p = 0.007) as well as subjects with increased plasma total IgE (p = 0.033). Patients with PA receiving high-dose inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) had higher EBC IL-4 concentration than those on low-dose ICS (p = 0.007). Linear regression revealed that PDGF-AA levels in EBC were negatively associated with FEV 1 percentage (β = –0.459, p = 0.006) among the asthmatic patients. Conclusions: IL-4 in EBC is increased in childhood asthma, and growth factors are detectable in a significant proportion of these children. Increased PDGF-AA is found in asthmatics with more severe airflow limitation.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1018-2438</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1423-0097</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1159/000085106</identifier><identifier>PMID: 15832052</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Basel, Switzerland: Karger</publisher><subject>Adolescent ; Allergies ; Asthma ; Asthma - immunology ; Asthma - metabolism ; Biological and medical sciences ; Breath Tests ; Child ; Children & youth ; Cytokines ; Cytokines - analysis ; Cytokines - metabolism ; Epidermal Growth Factor - analysis ; Female ; Forced Expiratory Volume ; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology ; Fundamental immunology ; Growth Substances - analysis ; Growth Substances - metabolism ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin E - blood ; Immunology ; Immunopathology ; Interleukin-4 - analysis ; Male ; Medical sciences ; Nitric Oxide - analysis ; Original Paper ; Platelet-Derived Growth Factor - analysis ; Statistics, Nonparametric ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha - analysis ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A - analysis ; Vital Capacity</subject><ispartof>International archives of allergy and immunology, 2005-05, Vol.137 (1), p.66-72</ispartof><rights>2005 S. Karger AG, Basel</rights><rights>2005 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>Copyright 2005 S. Karger AG, Basel</rights><rights>Copyright (c) 2005 S. Karger AG, Basel</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c360t-c20aeaa3c22dc65e1bec7cf93f764f7ed0902e2e826eab906573079e06e9ccda3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c360t-c20aeaa3c22dc65e1bec7cf93f764f7ed0902e2e826eab906573079e06e9ccda3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,2429,27924,27925</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=16737669$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15832052$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Leung, Ting-fan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wong, Gary W.K.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ko, Fanny W.S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, Chung-yi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yung, Edmund</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lam, Christopher W.K.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fok, Tai-fai</creatorcontrib><title>Analysis of Growth Factors and Inflammatory Cytokines in Exhaled Breath Condensate from Asthmatic Children</title><title>International archives of allergy and immunology</title><addtitle>Int Arch Allergy Immunol</addtitle><description>Background: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), AA isoform of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-AA), and epidermal growth factor (EGF) are involved in the pathogenesis of airway inflammation in asthma. These molecules are closely associated with cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-4. This study investigates the relation between childhood asthma and levels of these mediators in exhaled breath condensate (EBC). Methods: EBC was collected from asthmatic children and controls using a disposable collection kit, and the concentrations of VEGF, PDGF-AA, EGF, TNF-α and IL-4 in EBC were measured using sandwich enzyme immunoassays. Exhaled nitric oxide concentration was measured by a chemiluminescence analyzer. Results: Thirty-five asthmatic patients aged between 7 and 18 years and 11 controls were recruited. Sixteen patients had intermittent asthma (IA) whereas 19 of them suffered from persistent asthma (PA). A significant correlation was found between IL-4 and TNF-α in EBC (ρ = 0.374, p = 0.010). PDGF-AA levels in EBC were higher in subjects with diminished FEV 1 (p = 0.023) whereas IL-4 concentrations were increased in asthmatics (p = 0.007) as well as subjects with increased plasma total IgE (p = 0.033). Patients with PA receiving high-dose inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) had higher EBC IL-4 concentration than those on low-dose ICS (p = 0.007). Linear regression revealed that PDGF-AA levels in EBC were negatively associated with FEV 1 percentage (β = –0.459, p = 0.006) among the asthmatic patients. Conclusions: IL-4 in EBC is increased in childhood asthma, and growth factors are detectable in a significant proportion of these children. Increased PDGF-AA is found in asthmatics with more severe airflow limitation.</description><subject>Adolescent</subject><subject>Allergies</subject><subject>Asthma</subject><subject>Asthma - immunology</subject><subject>Asthma - metabolism</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Breath Tests</subject><subject>Child</subject><subject>Children & youth</subject><subject>Cytokines</subject><subject>Cytokines - analysis</subject><subject>Cytokines - metabolism</subject><subject>Epidermal Growth Factor - analysis</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Forced Expiratory Volume</subject><subject>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</subject><subject>Fundamental immunology</subject><subject>Growth Substances - analysis</subject><subject>Growth Substances - metabolism</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Immunoglobulin E - blood</subject><subject>Immunology</subject><subject>Immunopathology</subject><subject>Interleukin-4 - analysis</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medical sciences</subject><subject>Nitric Oxide - analysis</subject><subject>Original Paper</subject><subject>Platelet-Derived Growth Factor - analysis</subject><subject>Statistics, Nonparametric</subject><subject>Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha - analysis</subject><subject>Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A - analysis</subject><subject>Vital Capacity</subject><issn>1018-2438</issn><issn>1423-0097</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2005</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>8G5</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><sourceid>GUQSH</sourceid><sourceid>M2O</sourceid><recordid>eNpd0E1r3DAQBmARUpI0zaHnQhGFFnJwMpJsyT5uTL4g0Et6NrPyqOuNLSWSl3b_fVR2SaBz0SCemYGXsc8CLoSomkvIVVcC9AE7EaVUBUBjDnMPoi5kqepj9jGlNUDGtT5ix6KqlYRKnrD1wuO4TUPiwfHbGP7MK36Ddg4xcfQ9v_duxGnC_LHl7XYOT4OnxAfPr_-ucKSeX0XCPNQG35NPOBN3MUx8keZVHhssb1fD2Efyn9gHh2Ois_17yn7dXD-2d8XDz9v7dvFQWKVhLqwEJERlpeytrkgsyRrrGuWMLp2hHhqQJKmWmnDZgK6MAtMQaGqs7VGdsh-7vc8xvGwozd00JEvjiJ7CJnXa1KKslMrw239wHTYx55E6KUUNUIoyo_MdsjGkFMl1z3GYMG47Ad2_9Lu39LP9ul-4WU7Uv8t93Bl83wNMFkcX0dshvTttlNG6ye7Lzj1h_E3xDezOvAJSwZU5</recordid><startdate>200505</startdate><enddate>200505</enddate><creator>Leung, Ting-fan</creator><creator>Wong, Gary W.K.</creator><creator>Ko, Fanny W.S.</creator><creator>Li, Chung-yi</creator><creator>Yung, Edmund</creator><creator>Lam, Christopher W.K.</creator><creator>Fok, Tai-fai</creator><general>Karger</general><general>S. Karger AG</general><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>8G5</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>GUQSH</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M2O</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>MBDVC</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>200505</creationdate><title>Analysis of Growth Factors and Inflammatory Cytokines in Exhaled Breath Condensate from Asthmatic Children</title><author>Leung, Ting-fan ; Wong, Gary W.K. ; Ko, Fanny W.S. ; Li, Chung-yi ; Yung, Edmund ; Lam, Christopher W.K. ; Fok, Tai-fai</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c360t-c20aeaa3c22dc65e1bec7cf93f764f7ed0902e2e826eab906573079e06e9ccda3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2005</creationdate><topic>Adolescent</topic><topic>Allergies</topic><topic>Asthma</topic><topic>Asthma - immunology</topic><topic>Asthma - metabolism</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Breath Tests</topic><topic>Child</topic><topic>Children & youth</topic><topic>Cytokines</topic><topic>Cytokines - analysis</topic><topic>Cytokines - metabolism</topic><topic>Epidermal Growth Factor - analysis</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Forced Expiratory Volume</topic><topic>Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology</topic><topic>Fundamental immunology</topic><topic>Growth Substances - analysis</topic><topic>Growth Substances - metabolism</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Immunoglobulin E - blood</topic><topic>Immunology</topic><topic>Immunopathology</topic><topic>Interleukin-4 - analysis</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Medical sciences</topic><topic>Nitric Oxide - analysis</topic><topic>Original Paper</topic><topic>Platelet-Derived Growth Factor - analysis</topic><topic>Statistics, Nonparametric</topic><topic>Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha - analysis</topic><topic>Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A - analysis</topic><topic>Vital Capacity</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Leung, Ting-fan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wong, Gary W.K.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ko, Fanny W.S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, Chung-yi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yung, Edmund</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lam, Christopher W.K.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fok, Tai-fai</creatorcontrib><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Immunology Abstracts</collection><collection>Virology and AIDS Abstracts</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Research Library (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>Research Library Prep</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Research Library</collection><collection>Biological Science Database</collection><collection>Research Library (Corporate)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>International archives of allergy and immunology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Leung, Ting-fan</au><au>Wong, Gary W.K.</au><au>Ko, Fanny W.S.</au><au>Li, Chung-yi</au><au>Yung, Edmund</au><au>Lam, Christopher W.K.</au><au>Fok, Tai-fai</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Analysis of Growth Factors and Inflammatory Cytokines in Exhaled Breath Condensate from Asthmatic Children</atitle><jtitle>International archives of allergy and immunology</jtitle><addtitle>Int Arch Allergy Immunol</addtitle><date>2005-05</date><risdate>2005</risdate><volume>137</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>66</spage><epage>72</epage><pages>66-72</pages><issn>1018-2438</issn><eissn>1423-0097</eissn><abstract>Background: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), AA isoform of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-AA), and epidermal growth factor (EGF) are involved in the pathogenesis of airway inflammation in asthma. These molecules are closely associated with cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-4. This study investigates the relation between childhood asthma and levels of these mediators in exhaled breath condensate (EBC). Methods: EBC was collected from asthmatic children and controls using a disposable collection kit, and the concentrations of VEGF, PDGF-AA, EGF, TNF-α and IL-4 in EBC were measured using sandwich enzyme immunoassays. Exhaled nitric oxide concentration was measured by a chemiluminescence analyzer. Results: Thirty-five asthmatic patients aged between 7 and 18 years and 11 controls were recruited. Sixteen patients had intermittent asthma (IA) whereas 19 of them suffered from persistent asthma (PA). A significant correlation was found between IL-4 and TNF-α in EBC (ρ = 0.374, p = 0.010). PDGF-AA levels in EBC were higher in subjects with diminished FEV 1 (p = 0.023) whereas IL-4 concentrations were increased in asthmatics (p = 0.007) as well as subjects with increased plasma total IgE (p = 0.033). Patients with PA receiving high-dose inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) had higher EBC IL-4 concentration than those on low-dose ICS (p = 0.007). Linear regression revealed that PDGF-AA levels in EBC were negatively associated with FEV 1 percentage (β = –0.459, p = 0.006) among the asthmatic patients. Conclusions: IL-4 in EBC is increased in childhood asthma, and growth factors are detectable in a significant proportion of these children. Increased PDGF-AA is found in asthmatics with more severe airflow limitation.</abstract><cop>Basel, Switzerland</cop><pub>Karger</pub><pmid>15832052</pmid><doi>10.1159/000085106</doi><tpages>7</tpages></addata></record> |
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subjects | Adolescent Allergies Asthma Asthma - immunology Asthma - metabolism Biological and medical sciences Breath Tests Child Children & youth Cytokines Cytokines - analysis Cytokines - metabolism Epidermal Growth Factor - analysis Female Forced Expiratory Volume Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Fundamental immunology Growth Substances - analysis Growth Substances - metabolism Humans Immunoglobulin E - blood Immunology Immunopathology Interleukin-4 - analysis Male Medical sciences Nitric Oxide - analysis Original Paper Platelet-Derived Growth Factor - analysis Statistics, Nonparametric Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha - analysis Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A - analysis Vital Capacity |
title | Analysis of Growth Factors and Inflammatory Cytokines in Exhaled Breath Condensate from Asthmatic Children |
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