Energy level tuning of 'Z'-shaped small molecular non-fullerene electron acceptors based on a dipyrrolo[2,3-:2′,3′-]pyrazine-2,6(1,5)-dione acceptor unit for organic photovoltaic applications: a joint experimental and DFT investigation on the effect of fluorination

Three different fluorine (4-CF 3 , 3,5-CF 3 and 3,4,5-F) end-capped, A 2 -π-A 1 -π-A 2 type small molecular non-fullerene acceptor molecules ( 1CFPzDP , 2CFPzDP , and 3FPzDP ) containing a common central core acceptor, namely dipyrrolo[2,3- b :2′,3′- e ]pyrazine-2,6(1 H ,5 H )-dione (PzDP), have bee...

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