Cohesive strength improvement mechanism of kaolinite near the anode during electroosmotic chemical treatment
Injection of CaCl2 and Na2SiO3 solutions into clay suspensions during electroosmosis often improves the cohesive strength of clays near the anode and cathode, whereas the cohesive strength of clays between the electrodes remains weak. Although the main improvement mechanism for the cohesive strength...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Clays and clay minerals 2018-10, Vol.66 (5), p.438-448 |
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| description | Injection of CaCl2 and Na2SiO3 solutions into clay suspensions during electroosmosis often improves the cohesive strength of clays near the anode and cathode, whereas the cohesive strength of clays between the electrodes remains weak. Although the main improvement mechanism for the cohesive strength of clays near the cathode was demonstrated to be a pozzolanic reaction (formation of calcium silicate hydrate cement), the mechanism of improved cohesive strength near the anode is still not understood. The objective of the present study was to investigate the mechanism for the improvement of cohesive strength near the anode and, thus, make it possible to determine a way to enhance the range in improvement using kaolinite as the test clay. The test was performed by first injecting CaCl2 solution during electroosmosis until the optimum volume of CaCl2 was attained. This was followed by treatment with Na2SiO3 solution for different lengths of time. The results indicate that the anode region after treatment was acidic (pH=4) because the electrolysis of water causes acidification near the anode. As Na2SiO3 solution was injected through the anode, the mechanism of cohesive strength improvement of the treated clay near the anode was attributed to the silicic acid polymerization effect provided by the Na2SiO3 solution. The silicic acid may link the clay particles together to form a gel network in a low pH environment. The clay gel network structure developed rigidity as the water content was reduced. In addition, as the volume of injected Na2SiO3 solution was increased, the cohesive strength near the anode also increased. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1346/CCMN.2018.064110 |
| format | Article |
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Although the main improvement mechanism for the cohesive strength of clays near the cathode was demonstrated to be a pozzolanic reaction (formation of calcium silicate hydrate cement), the mechanism of improved cohesive strength near the anode is still not understood. The objective of the present study was to investigate the mechanism for the improvement of cohesive strength near the anode and, thus, make it possible to determine a way to enhance the range in improvement using kaolinite as the test clay. The test was performed by first injecting CaCl2 solution during electroosmosis until the optimum volume of CaCl2 was attained. This was followed by treatment with Na2SiO3 solution for different lengths of time. The results indicate that the anode region after treatment was acidic (pH=4) because the electrolysis of water causes acidification near the anode. As Na2SiO3 solution was injected through the anode, the mechanism of cohesive strength improvement of the treated clay near the anode was attributed to the silicic acid polymerization effect provided by the Na2SiO3 solution. The silicic acid may link the clay particles together to form a gel network in a low pH environment. The clay gel network structure developed rigidity as the water content was reduced. In addition, as the volume of injected Na2SiO3 solution was increased, the cohesive strength near the anode also increased.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0009-8604</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1552-8367</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1346/CCMN.2018.064110</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Cham: Clay Minerals Society</publisher><subject>Acidification ; Anode Area ; Anode effect ; Anodes ; Biogeosciences ; Calcium ; Calcium chloride ; Calcium silicate hydrate ; Calcium silicates ; Cathodes ; cementation ; chemical composition ; chemical properties ; Chemical treatment ; Clay ; clay mineralogy ; clay minerals ; Cohesion ; cohesive materials ; diagenesis ; Earth and Environmental Science ; Earth Sciences ; electrochemical properties ; Electrokinetic Treatment ; electrokinetics ; Electrolysis ; Electroosmosis ; Electroosmotic Chemical Treatment ; experimental studies ; Gels ; Geochemistry ; Hydrates ; Kaolinite ; Medicinal Chemistry ; Mineralogy ; Moisture content ; Nanoscale Science and Technology ; Organic chemistry ; osmosis ; particles ; pH effects ; Polymerization ; Rigidity ; rock, sediment, soil ; sed rocks, sediments ; Sedimentary petrology ; shear strength ; sheet silicates ; Silicates ; Silicic acid ; Sodium silicates ; Soil Science & Conservation ; Solutions ; Strength ; suspended materials ; Water content</subject><ispartof>Clays and clay minerals, 2018-10, Vol.66 (5), p.438-448</ispartof><rights>GeoRef, Copyright 2020, American Geosciences Institute. Reference includes data from GeoScienceWorld @Alexandria, VA @USA @United States. Abstract, Copyright, Clay Minerals Society</rights><rights>Clay Minerals Society 2018</rights><rights>Copyright Springer Nature B.V. 2018</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-a498t-360fb6697fa57bb165faac0ca74469a98ada2e7686dfb6e92494341de674aca93</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-a498t-360fb6697fa57bb165faac0ca74469a98ada2e7686dfb6e92494341de674aca93</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1346/CCMN.2018.064110$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1346/CCMN.2018.064110$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,27901,27902,41464,42533,51294</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Lin, Yuan-Shiang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ou, Chang-Yu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chien, Shao-Chi</creatorcontrib><title>Cohesive strength improvement mechanism of kaolinite near the anode during electroosmotic chemical treatment</title><title>Clays and clay minerals</title><addtitle>Clays Clay Miner</addtitle><description>Injection of CaCl2 and Na2SiO3 solutions into clay suspensions during electroosmosis often improves the cohesive strength of clays near the anode and cathode, whereas the cohesive strength of clays between the electrodes remains weak. Although the main improvement mechanism for the cohesive strength of clays near the cathode was demonstrated to be a pozzolanic reaction (formation of calcium silicate hydrate cement), the mechanism of improved cohesive strength near the anode is still not understood. The objective of the present study was to investigate the mechanism for the improvement of cohesive strength near the anode and, thus, make it possible to determine a way to enhance the range in improvement using kaolinite as the test clay. The test was performed by first injecting CaCl2 solution during electroosmosis until the optimum volume of CaCl2 was attained. This was followed by treatment with Na2SiO3 solution for different lengths of time. The results indicate that the anode region after treatment was acidic (pH=4) because the electrolysis of water causes acidification near the anode. As Na2SiO3 solution was injected through the anode, the mechanism of cohesive strength improvement of the treated clay near the anode was attributed to the silicic acid polymerization effect provided by the Na2SiO3 solution. The silicic acid may link the clay particles together to form a gel network in a low pH environment. The clay gel network structure developed rigidity as the water content was reduced. In addition, as the volume of injected Na2SiO3 solution was increased, the cohesive strength near the anode also increased.</description><subject>Acidification</subject><subject>Anode Area</subject><subject>Anode effect</subject><subject>Anodes</subject><subject>Biogeosciences</subject><subject>Calcium</subject><subject>Calcium chloride</subject><subject>Calcium silicate hydrate</subject><subject>Calcium silicates</subject><subject>Cathodes</subject><subject>cementation</subject><subject>chemical composition</subject><subject>chemical properties</subject><subject>Chemical treatment</subject><subject>Clay</subject><subject>clay mineralogy</subject><subject>clay minerals</subject><subject>Cohesion</subject><subject>cohesive materials</subject><subject>diagenesis</subject><subject>Earth and Environmental Science</subject><subject>Earth Sciences</subject><subject>electrochemical properties</subject><subject>Electrokinetic Treatment</subject><subject>electrokinetics</subject><subject>Electrolysis</subject><subject>Electroosmosis</subject><subject>Electroosmotic Chemical Treatment</subject><subject>experimental studies</subject><subject>Gels</subject><subject>Geochemistry</subject><subject>Hydrates</subject><subject>Kaolinite</subject><subject>Medicinal Chemistry</subject><subject>Mineralogy</subject><subject>Moisture content</subject><subject>Nanoscale Science and Technology</subject><subject>Organic chemistry</subject><subject>osmosis</subject><subject>particles</subject><subject>pH effects</subject><subject>Polymerization</subject><subject>Rigidity</subject><subject>rock, sediment, soil</subject><subject>sed rocks, sediments</subject><subject>Sedimentary petrology</subject><subject>shear strength</subject><subject>sheet silicates</subject><subject>Silicates</subject><subject>Silicic acid</subject><subject>Sodium silicates</subject><subject>Soil Science & Conservation</subject><subject>Solutions</subject><subject>Strength</subject><subject>suspended materials</subject><subject>Water content</subject><issn>0009-8604</issn><issn>1552-8367</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2018</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNp9kUGP0zAQhSMEEmXhztESR9RiO44TnxCKWEDahQucrakzabwkdrHdIvj12JtKywUsjTyH977RvKmql4zuWC3km76__bzjlHU7KgVj9FG1YU3Dt10t28fVhlKqtp2k4mn1LMY7SrkUNd9Uc-8njPaMJKaA7pAmYpdj8Gdc0CWyoJnA2bgQP5Lv4GfrbELiEAJJExJwfkAynIJ1B4IzmhS8j4tP1hAz4WINzCSDIRXc8-rJCHPEF5f_qvp2_f5r_3F78-XDp_7dzRaE6tK2lnTcS6naEZp2v2eyGQEMNdAKIRWoDgbg2MpODlmHigslasEGlK0AA6q-ql6t3LzIjxPGpO_8Kbg8UnMmGec5IppVdFWZ4GMMOOpjsAuEX5pRXTLVJVNdMtVrptnCVks8lo0xPID_43m7eorBJXiwmCWXWS7q-yflpaGNhpBKIzLh9h8Ea-4h5bjltvospWsyjzOquNJMUq4HHOE0J50g6MNvHQvv9co7oI_GojP404d5-CslypSmTLSM138A9uq30Q</recordid><startdate>20181001</startdate><enddate>20181001</enddate><creator>Lin, Yuan-Shiang</creator><creator>Ou, Chang-Yu</creator><creator>Chien, Shao-Chi</creator><general>Clay Minerals Society</general><general>The Clay Minerals Society</general><general>Springer International Publishing</general><general>Cambridge University Press</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QQ</scope><scope>7SR</scope><scope>7UA</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>F1W</scope><scope>H96</scope><scope>JG9</scope><scope>L.G</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20181001</creationdate><title>Cohesive strength improvement mechanism of kaolinite near the anode during electroosmotic chemical treatment</title><author>Lin, Yuan-Shiang ; Ou, Chang-Yu ; Chien, Shao-Chi</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-a498t-360fb6697fa57bb165faac0ca74469a98ada2e7686dfb6e92494341de674aca93</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2018</creationdate><topic>Acidification</topic><topic>Anode Area</topic><topic>Anode effect</topic><topic>Anodes</topic><topic>Biogeosciences</topic><topic>Calcium</topic><topic>Calcium chloride</topic><topic>Calcium silicate hydrate</topic><topic>Calcium silicates</topic><topic>Cathodes</topic><topic>cementation</topic><topic>chemical composition</topic><topic>chemical properties</topic><topic>Chemical treatment</topic><topic>Clay</topic><topic>clay mineralogy</topic><topic>clay minerals</topic><topic>Cohesion</topic><topic>cohesive materials</topic><topic>diagenesis</topic><topic>Earth and Environmental Science</topic><topic>Earth Sciences</topic><topic>electrochemical properties</topic><topic>Electrokinetic Treatment</topic><topic>electrokinetics</topic><topic>Electrolysis</topic><topic>Electroosmosis</topic><topic>Electroosmotic Chemical Treatment</topic><topic>experimental studies</topic><topic>Gels</topic><topic>Geochemistry</topic><topic>Hydrates</topic><topic>Kaolinite</topic><topic>Medicinal Chemistry</topic><topic>Mineralogy</topic><topic>Moisture content</topic><topic>Nanoscale Science and Technology</topic><topic>Organic chemistry</topic><topic>osmosis</topic><topic>particles</topic><topic>pH effects</topic><topic>Polymerization</topic><topic>Rigidity</topic><topic>rock, sediment, soil</topic><topic>sed rocks, sediments</topic><topic>Sedimentary petrology</topic><topic>shear strength</topic><topic>sheet silicates</topic><topic>Silicates</topic><topic>Silicic acid</topic><topic>Sodium silicates</topic><topic>Soil Science & Conservation</topic><topic>Solutions</topic><topic>Strength</topic><topic>suspended materials</topic><topic>Water content</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Lin, Yuan-Shiang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ou, Chang-Yu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chien, Shao-Chi</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Ceramic Abstracts</collection><collection>Engineered Materials Abstracts</collection><collection>Water Resources Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 2: Ocean Technology, Policy & Non-Living Resources</collection><collection>Materials Research Database</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) Professional</collection><jtitle>Clays and clay minerals</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Lin, Yuan-Shiang</au><au>Ou, Chang-Yu</au><au>Chien, Shao-Chi</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Cohesive strength improvement mechanism of kaolinite near the anode during electroosmotic chemical treatment</atitle><jtitle>Clays and clay minerals</jtitle><stitle>Clays Clay Miner</stitle><date>2018-10-01</date><risdate>2018</risdate><volume>66</volume><issue>5</issue><spage>438</spage><epage>448</epage><pages>438-448</pages><issn>0009-8604</issn><eissn>1552-8367</eissn><abstract>Injection of CaCl2 and Na2SiO3 solutions into clay suspensions during electroosmosis often improves the cohesive strength of clays near the anode and cathode, whereas the cohesive strength of clays between the electrodes remains weak. Although the main improvement mechanism for the cohesive strength of clays near the cathode was demonstrated to be a pozzolanic reaction (formation of calcium silicate hydrate cement), the mechanism of improved cohesive strength near the anode is still not understood. The objective of the present study was to investigate the mechanism for the improvement of cohesive strength near the anode and, thus, make it possible to determine a way to enhance the range in improvement using kaolinite as the test clay. The test was performed by first injecting CaCl2 solution during electroosmosis until the optimum volume of CaCl2 was attained. This was followed by treatment with Na2SiO3 solution for different lengths of time. The results indicate that the anode region after treatment was acidic (pH=4) because the electrolysis of water causes acidification near the anode. As Na2SiO3 solution was injected through the anode, the mechanism of cohesive strength improvement of the treated clay near the anode was attributed to the silicic acid polymerization effect provided by the Na2SiO3 solution. The silicic acid may link the clay particles together to form a gel network in a low pH environment. The clay gel network structure developed rigidity as the water content was reduced. In addition, as the volume of injected Na2SiO3 solution was increased, the cohesive strength near the anode also increased.</abstract><cop>Cham</cop><pub>Clay Minerals Society</pub><doi>10.1346/CCMN.2018.064110</doi><tpages>11</tpages></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Acidification Anode Area Anode effect Anodes Biogeosciences Calcium Calcium chloride Calcium silicate hydrate Calcium silicates Cathodes cementation chemical composition chemical properties Chemical treatment Clay clay mineralogy clay minerals Cohesion cohesive materials diagenesis Earth and Environmental Science Earth Sciences electrochemical properties Electrokinetic Treatment electrokinetics Electrolysis Electroosmosis Electroosmotic Chemical Treatment experimental studies Gels Geochemistry Hydrates Kaolinite Medicinal Chemistry Mineralogy Moisture content Nanoscale Science and Technology Organic chemistry osmosis particles pH effects Polymerization Rigidity rock, sediment, soil sed rocks, sediments Sedimentary petrology shear strength sheet silicates Silicates Silicic acid Sodium silicates Soil Science & Conservation Solutions Strength suspended materials Water content |
| title | Cohesive strength improvement mechanism of kaolinite near the anode during electroosmotic chemical treatment |
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