The Effect of Glatiramer Acetate on Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness in Patients with Relapsing–Remitting Multiple Sclerosis: A Longitudinal Optical Coherence Tomography Study
Background Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a technique that allows for the assessment of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT) and total macular volume (TMV), which reflect neuroaxonal integrity within the retina. As such it has been used in multiple sclerosis (MS) to study neurodegenera...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | CNS drugs 2018-08, Vol.32 (8), p.763-770 |
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| creator | Zivadinov, Robert Tavazzi, Eleonora Hagemeier, Jesper Carl, Ellen Hojnacki, David Kolb, Channa Weinstock-Guttman, Bianca |
| description | Background
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a technique that allows for the assessment of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT) and total macular volume (TMV), which reflect neuroaxonal integrity within the retina. As such it has been used in multiple sclerosis (MS) to study neurodegeneration. Glatiramer acetate (GA) is a widely used treatment for MS, which is suggested to have a possible neuroprotective role.
Objective
The aim of this study was to assess RFNLT and TMV changes in relapsing–remitting MS (RRMS) patients who started treatment with GA and were followed for a 24-month period.
Methods
A cohort of 60 RRMS patients and 40 healthy controls (HCs) were imaged with OCT at baseline and follow-up. All subjects also underwent clinical and neurological examination. Measurements were compared between the RRMS patients and HCs as well as between optic neuritis (ON)-affected and ON-unaffected eyes.
Results
At baseline, MS patients showed lower average RNFLT (
p
= 0.046) and TMV (
p
= 0.013) when compared with HCs. No significant differences in the evolution of OCT measures were detected over the follow-up between MS patients and HCs. MS patients with both affected and unaffected eyes showed significantly lower average RNFLT, temporal inferior RNFLT, and TMV at baseline, compared with HCs. No significant differences between ON-affected and ON-unaffected eyes in MS patients were detected over the follow-up, except for the nasal superior RNFLT (
p
= 0.019).
Conclusions
This study suggests a beneficial role of GA on retinal axonal degeneration in MS, and further confirms the utility of OCT to monitor the neuroprotective effect of disease-modifying treatment. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s40263-018-0521-9 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_journals_2149615310</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>2149615310</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c372t-d5caca9077d740e8fef95556417b082cf9cde5821ff2726915c2603097d953143</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp1kc9u1DAQxi0Eon_gAbggS5xTbCeOY26rVVuQFora5Wx5nXHiksTBdkB74x14FZ6IJ8HtFjhx8Via3_fNjD6EXlByRgkRr2NFWF0WhDYF4YwW8hE6plTIgsqyenz_Z4UglThCJzHeEkKqsq6foiMmRS0ayo_Rz20P-NxaMAl7iy8HnVzQIwS8MpB0AuwnfA3JTXrAHyB8BXzhdrm90fv8bntnPk8QI3YT_pi1MKWIv7nUZ9Gg5-im7tf3H9cwupQ9Ovx-GZKbB8A3ZoDgo4tv8Apv_NS5tLT3U67m5Eyua99DgMkA3vrRd0HP_R7fZGr_DD2xeojw_KGeok8X59v122JzdfluvdoUphQsFS032mhJhGhFRaCxYCXnvK6o2JGGGStNC7xh1FomWC0pN6wmJZGilbykVXmKXh185-C_LBCTuvVLyDtGxWgla5opkil6oEy-Jwawag5u1GGvKFF3OalDTirnpO5yUjJrXj44L7sR2r-KP8FkgB2AmFtTB-Hf6P-7_gbxmqDH</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2149615310</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>The Effect of Glatiramer Acetate on Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness in Patients with Relapsing–Remitting Multiple Sclerosis: A Longitudinal Optical Coherence Tomography Study</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>Springer Nature - Complete Springer Journals</source><creator>Zivadinov, Robert ; Tavazzi, Eleonora ; Hagemeier, Jesper ; Carl, Ellen ; Hojnacki, David ; Kolb, Channa ; Weinstock-Guttman, Bianca</creator><creatorcontrib>Zivadinov, Robert ; Tavazzi, Eleonora ; Hagemeier, Jesper ; Carl, Ellen ; Hojnacki, David ; Kolb, Channa ; Weinstock-Guttman, Bianca</creatorcontrib><description>Background
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a technique that allows for the assessment of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT) and total macular volume (TMV), which reflect neuroaxonal integrity within the retina. As such it has been used in multiple sclerosis (MS) to study neurodegeneration. Glatiramer acetate (GA) is a widely used treatment for MS, which is suggested to have a possible neuroprotective role.
Objective
The aim of this study was to assess RFNLT and TMV changes in relapsing–remitting MS (RRMS) patients who started treatment with GA and were followed for a 24-month period.
Methods
A cohort of 60 RRMS patients and 40 healthy controls (HCs) were imaged with OCT at baseline and follow-up. All subjects also underwent clinical and neurological examination. Measurements were compared between the RRMS patients and HCs as well as between optic neuritis (ON)-affected and ON-unaffected eyes.
Results
At baseline, MS patients showed lower average RNFLT (
p
= 0.046) and TMV (
p
= 0.013) when compared with HCs. No significant differences in the evolution of OCT measures were detected over the follow-up between MS patients and HCs. MS patients with both affected and unaffected eyes showed significantly lower average RNFLT, temporal inferior RNFLT, and TMV at baseline, compared with HCs. No significant differences between ON-affected and ON-unaffected eyes in MS patients were detected over the follow-up, except for the nasal superior RNFLT (
p
= 0.019).
Conclusions
This study suggests a beneficial role of GA on retinal axonal degeneration in MS, and further confirms the utility of OCT to monitor the neuroprotective effect of disease-modifying treatment.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1172-7047</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1179-1934</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s40263-018-0521-9</identifier><identifier>PMID: 29767815</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Cham: Springer International Publishing</publisher><subject>Adult ; Atrophy ; Case-Control Studies ; Cohort Studies ; Copolymer 1 ; Diabetic retinopathy ; Eye ; Female ; Glatiramer Acetate - therapeutic use ; Humans ; Immunosuppressive Agents - therapeutic use ; Male ; Medical imaging ; Medicine ; Medicine & Public Health ; Middle Aged ; Multiple sclerosis ; Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting - complications ; Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting - drug therapy ; Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting - pathology ; Nerve Fibers - drug effects ; Nerve Fibers - pathology ; Neuritis ; Neurodegeneration ; Neurology ; Neuroprotection ; Neurosciences ; Optic neuritis ; Optic Neuritis - drug therapy ; Optic Neuritis - etiology ; Optic Neuritis - pathology ; Optics ; Original Research Article ; Pathology ; Patients ; Pharmacotherapy ; Psychiatry ; Psychopharmacology ; Retina ; Retina - pathology ; Severity of Illness Index ; Single-Blind Method ; Studies ; Systematic review ; Tomography ; Tomography, Optical Coherence ; Treatment Outcome</subject><ispartof>CNS drugs, 2018-08, Vol.32 (8), p.763-770</ispartof><rights>Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018</rights><rights>Copyright Springer Science & Business Media Aug 2018</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c372t-d5caca9077d740e8fef95556417b082cf9cde5821ff2726915c2603097d953143</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c372t-d5caca9077d740e8fef95556417b082cf9cde5821ff2726915c2603097d953143</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-7799-1485</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40263-018-0521-9$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s40263-018-0521-9$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,27901,27902,41464,42533,51294</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29767815$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Zivadinov, Robert</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tavazzi, Eleonora</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hagemeier, Jesper</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Carl, Ellen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hojnacki, David</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kolb, Channa</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Weinstock-Guttman, Bianca</creatorcontrib><title>The Effect of Glatiramer Acetate on Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness in Patients with Relapsing–Remitting Multiple Sclerosis: A Longitudinal Optical Coherence Tomography Study</title><title>CNS drugs</title><addtitle>CNS Drugs</addtitle><addtitle>CNS Drugs</addtitle><description>Background
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a technique that allows for the assessment of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT) and total macular volume (TMV), which reflect neuroaxonal integrity within the retina. As such it has been used in multiple sclerosis (MS) to study neurodegeneration. Glatiramer acetate (GA) is a widely used treatment for MS, which is suggested to have a possible neuroprotective role.
Objective
The aim of this study was to assess RFNLT and TMV changes in relapsing–remitting MS (RRMS) patients who started treatment with GA and were followed for a 24-month period.
Methods
A cohort of 60 RRMS patients and 40 healthy controls (HCs) were imaged with OCT at baseline and follow-up. All subjects also underwent clinical and neurological examination. Measurements were compared between the RRMS patients and HCs as well as between optic neuritis (ON)-affected and ON-unaffected eyes.
Results
At baseline, MS patients showed lower average RNFLT (
p
= 0.046) and TMV (
p
= 0.013) when compared with HCs. No significant differences in the evolution of OCT measures were detected over the follow-up between MS patients and HCs. MS patients with both affected and unaffected eyes showed significantly lower average RNFLT, temporal inferior RNFLT, and TMV at baseline, compared with HCs. No significant differences between ON-affected and ON-unaffected eyes in MS patients were detected over the follow-up, except for the nasal superior RNFLT (
p
= 0.019).
Conclusions
This study suggests a beneficial role of GA on retinal axonal degeneration in MS, and further confirms the utility of OCT to monitor the neuroprotective effect of disease-modifying treatment.</description><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Atrophy</subject><subject>Case-Control Studies</subject><subject>Cohort Studies</subject><subject>Copolymer 1</subject><subject>Diabetic retinopathy</subject><subject>Eye</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Glatiramer Acetate - therapeutic use</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Immunosuppressive Agents - therapeutic use</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medical imaging</subject><subject>Medicine</subject><subject>Medicine & Public Health</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Multiple sclerosis</subject><subject>Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting - complications</subject><subject>Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting - drug therapy</subject><subject>Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting - pathology</subject><subject>Nerve Fibers - drug effects</subject><subject>Nerve Fibers - pathology</subject><subject>Neuritis</subject><subject>Neurodegeneration</subject><subject>Neurology</subject><subject>Neuroprotection</subject><subject>Neurosciences</subject><subject>Optic neuritis</subject><subject>Optic Neuritis - drug therapy</subject><subject>Optic Neuritis - etiology</subject><subject>Optic Neuritis - pathology</subject><subject>Optics</subject><subject>Original Research Article</subject><subject>Pathology</subject><subject>Patients</subject><subject>Pharmacotherapy</subject><subject>Psychiatry</subject><subject>Psychopharmacology</subject><subject>Retina</subject><subject>Retina - pathology</subject><subject>Severity of Illness Index</subject><subject>Single-Blind Method</subject><subject>Studies</subject><subject>Systematic review</subject><subject>Tomography</subject><subject>Tomography, Optical Coherence</subject><subject>Treatment Outcome</subject><issn>1172-7047</issn><issn>1179-1934</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2018</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><recordid>eNp1kc9u1DAQxi0Eon_gAbggS5xTbCeOY26rVVuQFora5Wx5nXHiksTBdkB74x14FZ6IJ8HtFjhx8Via3_fNjD6EXlByRgkRr2NFWF0WhDYF4YwW8hE6plTIgsqyenz_Z4UglThCJzHeEkKqsq6foiMmRS0ayo_Rz20P-NxaMAl7iy8HnVzQIwS8MpB0AuwnfA3JTXrAHyB8BXzhdrm90fv8bntnPk8QI3YT_pi1MKWIv7nUZ9Gg5-im7tf3H9cwupQ9Ovx-GZKbB8A3ZoDgo4tv8Apv_NS5tLT3U67m5Eyua99DgMkA3vrRd0HP_R7fZGr_DD2xeojw_KGeok8X59v122JzdfluvdoUphQsFS032mhJhGhFRaCxYCXnvK6o2JGGGStNC7xh1FomWC0pN6wmJZGilbykVXmKXh185-C_LBCTuvVLyDtGxWgla5opkil6oEy-Jwawag5u1GGvKFF3OalDTirnpO5yUjJrXj44L7sR2r-KP8FkgB2AmFtTB-Hf6P-7_gbxmqDH</recordid><startdate>20180801</startdate><enddate>20180801</enddate><creator>Zivadinov, Robert</creator><creator>Tavazzi, Eleonora</creator><creator>Hagemeier, Jesper</creator><creator>Carl, Ellen</creator><creator>Hojnacki, David</creator><creator>Kolb, Channa</creator><creator>Weinstock-Guttman, Bianca</creator><general>Springer International Publishing</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>4T-</scope><scope>7QP</scope><scope>7TK</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>88G</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M2M</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>PSYQQ</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7799-1485</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20180801</creationdate><title>The Effect of Glatiramer Acetate on Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness in Patients with Relapsing–Remitting Multiple Sclerosis: A Longitudinal Optical Coherence Tomography Study</title><author>Zivadinov, Robert ; Tavazzi, Eleonora ; Hagemeier, Jesper ; Carl, Ellen ; Hojnacki, David ; Kolb, Channa ; Weinstock-Guttman, Bianca</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c372t-d5caca9077d740e8fef95556417b082cf9cde5821ff2726915c2603097d953143</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2018</creationdate><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Atrophy</topic><topic>Case-Control Studies</topic><topic>Cohort Studies</topic><topic>Copolymer 1</topic><topic>Diabetic retinopathy</topic><topic>Eye</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Glatiramer Acetate - therapeutic use</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Immunosuppressive Agents - therapeutic use</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Medical imaging</topic><topic>Medicine</topic><topic>Medicine & Public Health</topic><topic>Middle Aged</topic><topic>Multiple sclerosis</topic><topic>Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting - complications</topic><topic>Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting - drug therapy</topic><topic>Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting - pathology</topic><topic>Nerve Fibers - drug effects</topic><topic>Nerve Fibers - pathology</topic><topic>Neuritis</topic><topic>Neurodegeneration</topic><topic>Neurology</topic><topic>Neuroprotection</topic><topic>Neurosciences</topic><topic>Optic neuritis</topic><topic>Optic Neuritis - drug therapy</topic><topic>Optic Neuritis - etiology</topic><topic>Optic Neuritis - pathology</topic><topic>Optics</topic><topic>Original Research Article</topic><topic>Pathology</topic><topic>Patients</topic><topic>Pharmacotherapy</topic><topic>Psychiatry</topic><topic>Psychopharmacology</topic><topic>Retina</topic><topic>Retina - pathology</topic><topic>Severity of Illness Index</topic><topic>Single-Blind Method</topic><topic>Studies</topic><topic>Systematic review</topic><topic>Tomography</topic><topic>Tomography, Optical Coherence</topic><topic>Treatment Outcome</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Zivadinov, Robert</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tavazzi, Eleonora</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hagemeier, Jesper</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Carl, Ellen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hojnacki, David</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kolb, Channa</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Weinstock-Guttman, Bianca</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Docstoc</collection><collection>Calcium & Calcified Tissue Abstracts</collection><collection>Neurosciences Abstracts</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Psychology Database (Alumni)</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Psychology</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>ProQuest One Psychology</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><jtitle>CNS drugs</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Zivadinov, Robert</au><au>Tavazzi, Eleonora</au><au>Hagemeier, Jesper</au><au>Carl, Ellen</au><au>Hojnacki, David</au><au>Kolb, Channa</au><au>Weinstock-Guttman, Bianca</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>The Effect of Glatiramer Acetate on Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness in Patients with Relapsing–Remitting Multiple Sclerosis: A Longitudinal Optical Coherence Tomography Study</atitle><jtitle>CNS drugs</jtitle><stitle>CNS Drugs</stitle><addtitle>CNS Drugs</addtitle><date>2018-08-01</date><risdate>2018</risdate><volume>32</volume><issue>8</issue><spage>763</spage><epage>770</epage><pages>763-770</pages><issn>1172-7047</issn><eissn>1179-1934</eissn><abstract>Background
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a technique that allows for the assessment of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT) and total macular volume (TMV), which reflect neuroaxonal integrity within the retina. As such it has been used in multiple sclerosis (MS) to study neurodegeneration. Glatiramer acetate (GA) is a widely used treatment for MS, which is suggested to have a possible neuroprotective role.
Objective
The aim of this study was to assess RFNLT and TMV changes in relapsing–remitting MS (RRMS) patients who started treatment with GA and were followed for a 24-month period.
Methods
A cohort of 60 RRMS patients and 40 healthy controls (HCs) were imaged with OCT at baseline and follow-up. All subjects also underwent clinical and neurological examination. Measurements were compared between the RRMS patients and HCs as well as between optic neuritis (ON)-affected and ON-unaffected eyes.
Results
At baseline, MS patients showed lower average RNFLT (
p
= 0.046) and TMV (
p
= 0.013) when compared with HCs. No significant differences in the evolution of OCT measures were detected over the follow-up between MS patients and HCs. MS patients with both affected and unaffected eyes showed significantly lower average RNFLT, temporal inferior RNFLT, and TMV at baseline, compared with HCs. No significant differences between ON-affected and ON-unaffected eyes in MS patients were detected over the follow-up, except for the nasal superior RNFLT (
p
= 0.019).
Conclusions
This study suggests a beneficial role of GA on retinal axonal degeneration in MS, and further confirms the utility of OCT to monitor the neuroprotective effect of disease-modifying treatment.</abstract><cop>Cham</cop><pub>Springer International Publishing</pub><pmid>29767815</pmid><doi>10.1007/s40263-018-0521-9</doi><tpages>8</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7799-1485</orcidid></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
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| ispartof | CNS drugs, 2018-08, Vol.32 (8), p.763-770 |
| issn | 1172-7047 1179-1934 |
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| source | MEDLINE; Springer Nature - Complete Springer Journals |
| subjects | Adult Atrophy Case-Control Studies Cohort Studies Copolymer 1 Diabetic retinopathy Eye Female Glatiramer Acetate - therapeutic use Humans Immunosuppressive Agents - therapeutic use Male Medical imaging Medicine Medicine & Public Health Middle Aged Multiple sclerosis Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting - complications Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting - drug therapy Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting - pathology Nerve Fibers - drug effects Nerve Fibers - pathology Neuritis Neurodegeneration Neurology Neuroprotection Neurosciences Optic neuritis Optic Neuritis - drug therapy Optic Neuritis - etiology Optic Neuritis - pathology Optics Original Research Article Pathology Patients Pharmacotherapy Psychiatry Psychopharmacology Retina Retina - pathology Severity of Illness Index Single-Blind Method Studies Systematic review Tomography Tomography, Optical Coherence Treatment Outcome |
| title | The Effect of Glatiramer Acetate on Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness in Patients with Relapsing–Remitting Multiple Sclerosis: A Longitudinal Optical Coherence Tomography Study |
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