Urea encapsulation in modified starch matrix for nutrients retention
It has been estimated that 20-70% of the used urea goes to the environment via leaching, nitrification and volatilization which not only harms the environment but also reduces the urea efficiency. By coating the urea granules, the farmers can achieve high urea performance through controlling the exc...
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description | It has been estimated that 20-70% of the used urea goes to the environment via leaching, nitrification and volatilization which not only harms the environment but also reduces the urea efficiency. By coating the urea granules, the farmers can achieve high urea performance through controlling the excess release of nitrogen. Up until now, different materials have been tested for nutrients retention. However, most of them are either expensive or unfriendly to the environment. Being cheap and biodegradable materials, the starches may also be used to coat the urea fertilizer for controlling the nutrients release. However, the pure starches do not meet the standards set by many industrial processes due to their slow tacking and too low viscosities and should be modified for getting smooth, compact and mechanically stronger coatings. In these studies, the tapioca starch was modified by reacting it with urea and different masses of borax. The prepared solutions were used to coat the urea granules of 3.45 mm average diameter. Different volumes (1, 1.5 and 2 mL) of each solution were used to coat 30 g of urea fluidized above the minimum level of fluidization. It was noticed that the coating thickness, percent coating, dissolution rate and percent release follow an increasing trend with an increase of solution volume; however, some random results were obtained while investigating the solution volume effects on the percent release. It was seen that the nutrients percent release over time increases with an increase in solution volume from 1 to 1.5 mL and thereafter reaches to a steady state. It confirms that the 1.5 mL of solution for 30 g urea samples will give the optimized coating results. |
doi_str_mv | 10.1063/1.4898485 |
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By coating the urea granules, the farmers can achieve high urea performance through controlling the excess release of nitrogen. Up until now, different materials have been tested for nutrients retention. However, most of them are either expensive or unfriendly to the environment. Being cheap and biodegradable materials, the starches may also be used to coat the urea fertilizer for controlling the nutrients release. However, the pure starches do not meet the standards set by many industrial processes due to their slow tacking and too low viscosities and should be modified for getting smooth, compact and mechanically stronger coatings. In these studies, the tapioca starch was modified by reacting it with urea and different masses of borax. The prepared solutions were used to coat the urea granules of 3.45 mm average diameter. Different volumes (1, 1.5 and 2 mL) of each solution were used to coat 30 g of urea fluidized above the minimum level of fluidization. It was noticed that the coating thickness, percent coating, dissolution rate and percent release follow an increasing trend with an increase of solution volume; however, some random results were obtained while investigating the solution volume effects on the percent release. It was seen that the nutrients percent release over time increases with an increase in solution volume from 1 to 1.5 mL and thereafter reaches to a steady state. It confirms that the 1.5 mL of solution for 30 g urea samples will give the optimized coating results.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0094-243X</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1551-7616</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1063/1.4898485</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Melville: American Institute of Physics</publisher><subject>Biodegradability ; Biodegradable materials ; Borax ; Fluidizing ; Granular materials ; Leaching ; Nitrification ; Nutrients ; Starches ; Tapioca ; Ureas</subject><ispartof>AIP Conference Proceedings, 2014, Vol.1621 (1), p.321</ispartof><rights>2014 AIP Publishing LLC.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c190t-80e75ec290342841adfb04f0eabdf7141e1363be96acfe8f06c18c9cba76ec403</citedby></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>309,310,780,784,789,790,23930,23931,25140,27925</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Naz Muhammad Yasin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sulaiman, Shaharin Anwar</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ariff Mohd Hazwan Bin Mohd</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ariwahjoedi Bambang</creatorcontrib><title>Urea encapsulation in modified starch matrix for nutrients retention</title><title>AIP Conference Proceedings</title><description>It has been estimated that 20-70% of the used urea goes to the environment via leaching, nitrification and volatilization which not only harms the environment but also reduces the urea efficiency. By coating the urea granules, the farmers can achieve high urea performance through controlling the excess release of nitrogen. Up until now, different materials have been tested for nutrients retention. However, most of them are either expensive or unfriendly to the environment. Being cheap and biodegradable materials, the starches may also be used to coat the urea fertilizer for controlling the nutrients release. However, the pure starches do not meet the standards set by many industrial processes due to their slow tacking and too low viscosities and should be modified for getting smooth, compact and mechanically stronger coatings. In these studies, the tapioca starch was modified by reacting it with urea and different masses of borax. The prepared solutions were used to coat the urea granules of 3.45 mm average diameter. Different volumes (1, 1.5 and 2 mL) of each solution were used to coat 30 g of urea fluidized above the minimum level of fluidization. It was noticed that the coating thickness, percent coating, dissolution rate and percent release follow an increasing trend with an increase of solution volume; however, some random results were obtained while investigating the solution volume effects on the percent release. It was seen that the nutrients percent release over time increases with an increase in solution volume from 1 to 1.5 mL and thereafter reaches to a steady state. It confirms that the 1.5 mL of solution for 30 g urea samples will give the optimized coating results.</description><subject>Biodegradability</subject><subject>Biodegradable materials</subject><subject>Borax</subject><subject>Fluidizing</subject><subject>Granular materials</subject><subject>Leaching</subject><subject>Nitrification</subject><subject>Nutrients</subject><subject>Starches</subject><subject>Tapioca</subject><subject>Ureas</subject><issn>0094-243X</issn><issn>1551-7616</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>conference_proceeding</rsrctype><creationdate>2014</creationdate><recordtype>conference_proceeding</recordtype><recordid>eNotjUtLAzEURoMoWKsL_0HA9dR785pkKfUJBTcW3JVM5gantJmaZMCf74Cuzrc532HsFmGFYOQ9rpR1Vll9xhaoNTatQXPOFgBONULJz0t2VcoeQLi2tQv2uM3kOaXgT2U6-DqMiQ-JH8d-iAP1vFSfwxc_-pqHHx7HzNM0T0q18Ex15mxcs4voD4Vu_rlk2-enj_Vrs3l_eVs_bJqADmpjgVpNQTiQSliFvo8dqAjkuz62qJBQGtmRMz5EshFMQBtc6HxrKCiQS3b393vK4_dEpe7245TTnNwJFEYLp6SWv3phTLg</recordid><startdate>20140101</startdate><enddate>20140101</enddate><creator>Naz Muhammad Yasin</creator><creator>Sulaiman, Shaharin Anwar</creator><creator>Ariff Mohd Hazwan Bin Mohd</creator><creator>Ariwahjoedi Bambang</creator><general>American Institute of Physics</general><scope>8FD</scope><scope>H8D</scope><scope>L7M</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20140101</creationdate><title>Urea encapsulation in modified starch matrix for nutrients retention</title><author>Naz Muhammad Yasin ; Sulaiman, Shaharin Anwar ; Ariff Mohd Hazwan Bin Mohd ; Ariwahjoedi Bambang</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c190t-80e75ec290342841adfb04f0eabdf7141e1363be96acfe8f06c18c9cba76ec403</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>conference_proceedings</rsrctype><prefilter>conference_proceedings</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2014</creationdate><topic>Biodegradability</topic><topic>Biodegradable materials</topic><topic>Borax</topic><topic>Fluidizing</topic><topic>Granular materials</topic><topic>Leaching</topic><topic>Nitrification</topic><topic>Nutrients</topic><topic>Starches</topic><topic>Tapioca</topic><topic>Ureas</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Naz Muhammad Yasin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sulaiman, Shaharin Anwar</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ariff Mohd Hazwan Bin Mohd</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ariwahjoedi Bambang</creatorcontrib><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Aerospace Database</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace</collection></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Naz Muhammad Yasin</au><au>Sulaiman, Shaharin Anwar</au><au>Ariff Mohd Hazwan Bin Mohd</au><au>Ariwahjoedi Bambang</au><format>book</format><genre>proceeding</genre><ristype>CONF</ristype><atitle>Urea encapsulation in modified starch matrix for nutrients retention</atitle><btitle>AIP Conference Proceedings</btitle><date>2014-01-01</date><risdate>2014</risdate><volume>1621</volume><issue>1</issue><epage>321</epage><issn>0094-243X</issn><eissn>1551-7616</eissn><abstract>It has been estimated that 20-70% of the used urea goes to the environment via leaching, nitrification and volatilization which not only harms the environment but also reduces the urea efficiency. By coating the urea granules, the farmers can achieve high urea performance through controlling the excess release of nitrogen. Up until now, different materials have been tested for nutrients retention. However, most of them are either expensive or unfriendly to the environment. Being cheap and biodegradable materials, the starches may also be used to coat the urea fertilizer for controlling the nutrients release. However, the pure starches do not meet the standards set by many industrial processes due to their slow tacking and too low viscosities and should be modified for getting smooth, compact and mechanically stronger coatings. In these studies, the tapioca starch was modified by reacting it with urea and different masses of borax. The prepared solutions were used to coat the urea granules of 3.45 mm average diameter. Different volumes (1, 1.5 and 2 mL) of each solution were used to coat 30 g of urea fluidized above the minimum level of fluidization. It was noticed that the coating thickness, percent coating, dissolution rate and percent release follow an increasing trend with an increase of solution volume; however, some random results were obtained while investigating the solution volume effects on the percent release. It was seen that the nutrients percent release over time increases with an increase in solution volume from 1 to 1.5 mL and thereafter reaches to a steady state. It confirms that the 1.5 mL of solution for 30 g urea samples will give the optimized coating results.</abstract><cop>Melville</cop><pub>American Institute of Physics</pub><doi>10.1063/1.4898485</doi></addata></record> |
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subjects | Biodegradability Biodegradable materials Borax Fluidizing Granular materials Leaching Nitrification Nutrients Starches Tapioca Ureas |
title | Urea encapsulation in modified starch matrix for nutrients retention |
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