Twenty-year survivorship of tree seedlings in wind-created gaps in an upland hardwood forest in the eastern US

Wind is a common canopy disturbance in the upland oak ( Quercus )- and hickory ( Carya )-dominated stands of the Central Hardwood Region of the eastern US. Canopy openings range from small gaps, resulting from windthrow of single dominant trees, to occasional large gaps of many hectares formed by st...

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