Hexavalent Chromium in Drinking Water
The risk assessment of chromium in drinking water is complex. To better understand this complexity, the essential information on exposure, analytical and treatment methods, toxicology, and mode of action (MOA) on which agencies based their risk assessments are provided. Humans are exposed to an aver...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Journal - American Water Works Association 2018-05, Vol.110 (5), p.E22-E35 |
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| container_title | Journal - American Water Works Association |
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| creator | Moffat, Ivy Martinova, Nadia Seidel, Chad Thompson, Chad M. |
| description | The risk assessment of chromium in drinking water is complex. To better understand this complexity, the essential information on exposure, analytical and treatment methods, toxicology, and mode of action (MOA) on which agencies based their risk assessments are provided. Humans are exposed to an average of 0.2–2 μg hexavalent chromium per liter in drinking water through natural erosion of soil and rocks or by contamination from industrial sources. Internationally, drinking water limits for total chromium range from 50 to 100 μg/L. These values are based on intestinal toxicity data from experimental animals, since human toxicity data via the oral route are lacking. MOA analysis supports a progression from noncancer to cancer effects via a nonmutagenic MOA and therefore a threshold approach is appropriate for the risk assessment of chromium in drinking water. Drinking water limits derived from this approach are measureable by available analytical methods and achievable by available treatment technologies, and are protective of both cancer and noncancer effects. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1002/awwa.1044 |
| format | Article |
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To better understand this complexity, the essential information on exposure, analytical and treatment methods, toxicology, and mode of action (MOA) on which agencies based their risk assessments are provided. Humans are exposed to an average of 0.2–2 μg hexavalent chromium per liter in drinking water through natural erosion of soil and rocks or by contamination from industrial sources. Internationally, drinking water limits for total chromium range from 50 to 100 μg/L. These values are based on intestinal toxicity data from experimental animals, since human toxicity data via the oral route are lacking. MOA analysis supports a progression from noncancer to cancer effects via a nonmutagenic MOA and therefore a threshold approach is appropriate for the risk assessment of chromium in drinking water. Drinking water limits derived from this approach are measureable by available analytical methods and achievable by available treatment technologies, and are protective of both cancer and noncancer effects.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0003-150X</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1551-8833</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1002/awwa.1044</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</publisher><subject>Cancer ; carcinogen ; Chromium ; Complexity ; Contamination ; Drinking water ; Erosion ; Erosion rates ; Hexavalent chromium ; Industrial pollution ; Intestine ; Mode of action ; Risk assessment ; Soil ; Soil contamination ; Soil erosion ; Studies ; Toxicity ; Toxicology</subject><ispartof>Journal - American Water Works Association, 2018-05, Vol.110 (5), p.E22-E35</ispartof><rights>2018 American Water Works Association</rights><rights>Copyright American Water Works Association May 2018</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c2974-8159da6d59716583fbdc9d9bd507e59e36392465bda6c6b48f56cd656ad9c6cc3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c2974-8159da6d59716583fbdc9d9bd507e59e36392465bda6c6b48f56cd656ad9c6cc3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002%2Fawwa.1044$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002%2Fawwa.1044$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,1411,27901,27902,45550,45551</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Moffat, Ivy</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Martinova, Nadia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Seidel, Chad</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Thompson, Chad M.</creatorcontrib><title>Hexavalent Chromium in Drinking Water</title><title>Journal - American Water Works Association</title><description>The risk assessment of chromium in drinking water is complex. To better understand this complexity, the essential information on exposure, analytical and treatment methods, toxicology, and mode of action (MOA) on which agencies based their risk assessments are provided. Humans are exposed to an average of 0.2–2 μg hexavalent chromium per liter in drinking water through natural erosion of soil and rocks or by contamination from industrial sources. Internationally, drinking water limits for total chromium range from 50 to 100 μg/L. These values are based on intestinal toxicity data from experimental animals, since human toxicity data via the oral route are lacking. MOA analysis supports a progression from noncancer to cancer effects via a nonmutagenic MOA and therefore a threshold approach is appropriate for the risk assessment of chromium in drinking water. Drinking water limits derived from this approach are measureable by available analytical methods and achievable by available treatment technologies, and are protective of both cancer and noncancer effects.</description><subject>Cancer</subject><subject>carcinogen</subject><subject>Chromium</subject><subject>Complexity</subject><subject>Contamination</subject><subject>Drinking water</subject><subject>Erosion</subject><subject>Erosion rates</subject><subject>Hexavalent chromium</subject><subject>Industrial pollution</subject><subject>Intestine</subject><subject>Mode of action</subject><subject>Risk assessment</subject><subject>Soil</subject><subject>Soil contamination</subject><subject>Soil erosion</subject><subject>Studies</subject><subject>Toxicity</subject><subject>Toxicology</subject><issn>0003-150X</issn><issn>1551-8833</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2018</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNp10E1LxDAQBuAgCtbVg_-gIB481E2ajybHUldXWPCi1FtIk1Sz9mNNt9b997bWq6eZgWdm4AXgEsFbBGG8VMOgxo6QIxAgSlHEOcbHIIAQ4ghR-HoKzrpuO46IIhKA67X9Vl-qss0-zN59W7u-Dl0T3nnXfLjmLczV3vpzcFKqqrMXf3UBXu5Xz9k62jw9PGbpJtKxSEjEERVGMUNFghjluCyMFkYUhsLEUmExwyImjBYj0qwgvKRMG0aZMkIzrfECXM13d7797G23l9u29834UsYI8UQkgiSjupmV9m3XeVvKnXe18geJoJxSkFMKckphtMvZDq6yh_-hTPM8_d34AU1UXUE</recordid><startdate>201805</startdate><enddate>201805</enddate><creator>Moffat, Ivy</creator><creator>Martinova, Nadia</creator><creator>Seidel, Chad</creator><creator>Thompson, Chad M.</creator><general>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</general><general>American Water Works Association</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QH</scope><scope>7ST</scope><scope>7UA</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>F1W</scope><scope>H97</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>L.G</scope><scope>SOI</scope></search><sort><creationdate>201805</creationdate><title>Hexavalent Chromium in Drinking Water</title><author>Moffat, Ivy ; Martinova, Nadia ; Seidel, Chad ; Thompson, Chad M.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c2974-8159da6d59716583fbdc9d9bd507e59e36392465bda6c6b48f56cd656ad9c6cc3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2018</creationdate><topic>Cancer</topic><topic>carcinogen</topic><topic>Chromium</topic><topic>Complexity</topic><topic>Contamination</topic><topic>Drinking water</topic><topic>Erosion</topic><topic>Erosion rates</topic><topic>Hexavalent chromium</topic><topic>Industrial pollution</topic><topic>Intestine</topic><topic>Mode of action</topic><topic>Risk assessment</topic><topic>Soil</topic><topic>Soil contamination</topic><topic>Soil erosion</topic><topic>Studies</topic><topic>Toxicity</topic><topic>Toxicology</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Moffat, Ivy</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Martinova, Nadia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Seidel, Chad</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Thompson, Chad M.</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Aqualine</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Water Resources Abstracts</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 3: Aquatic Pollution & Environmental Quality</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) Professional</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><jtitle>Journal - American Water Works Association</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Moffat, Ivy</au><au>Martinova, Nadia</au><au>Seidel, Chad</au><au>Thompson, Chad M.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Hexavalent Chromium in Drinking Water</atitle><jtitle>Journal - American Water Works Association</jtitle><date>2018-05</date><risdate>2018</risdate><volume>110</volume><issue>5</issue><spage>E22</spage><epage>E35</epage><pages>E22-E35</pages><issn>0003-150X</issn><eissn>1551-8833</eissn><abstract>The risk assessment of chromium in drinking water is complex. To better understand this complexity, the essential information on exposure, analytical and treatment methods, toxicology, and mode of action (MOA) on which agencies based their risk assessments are provided. Humans are exposed to an average of 0.2–2 μg hexavalent chromium per liter in drinking water through natural erosion of soil and rocks or by contamination from industrial sources. Internationally, drinking water limits for total chromium range from 50 to 100 μg/L. These values are based on intestinal toxicity data from experimental animals, since human toxicity data via the oral route are lacking. MOA analysis supports a progression from noncancer to cancer effects via a nonmutagenic MOA and therefore a threshold approach is appropriate for the risk assessment of chromium in drinking water. 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| source | Wiley Online Library; JSTOR |
| subjects | Cancer carcinogen Chromium Complexity Contamination Drinking water Erosion Erosion rates Hexavalent chromium Industrial pollution Intestine Mode of action Risk assessment Soil Soil contamination Soil erosion Studies Toxicity Toxicology |
| title | Hexavalent Chromium in Drinking Water |
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