Contrasting Impacts of Radiative Forcing in the Southern Ocean versus Southern Tropics on ITCZ Position and Energy Transport in One GFDL Climate Model

Most current climate models suffer from pronounced cloud and radiation biases in the Southern Ocean (SO) and in the tropics. Using one GFDL climate model, this study investigates the migration of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) with prescribed top-of-the-atmosphere (TOA) shortwave radiativ...

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Veröffentlicht in:Journal of climate 2018-07, Vol.31 (14), p.5609-5628
Hauptverfasser: Xiang, Baoqiang, Zhao, Ming, Ming, Yi, Yu, Weidong, Kang, Sarah M.
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Zhao, Ming
Ming, Yi
Yu, Weidong
Kang, Sarah M.
description Most current climate models suffer from pronounced cloud and radiation biases in the Southern Ocean (SO) and in the tropics. Using one GFDL climate model, this study investigates the migration of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) with prescribed top-of-the-atmosphere (TOA) shortwave radiative heating in the SO (50°–80°S) versus the southern tropics (ST; 0°–20°S). Results demonstrate that the ITCZ position response to the ST forcing is twice as strong as the SO forcing, which is primarily driven by the contrasting sea surface temperature (SST) gradient over the tropics; however, the mechanism for the formation of the SST pattern remains elusive. Energy budget analysis reveals that the conventional energetic constraint framework is inadequate in explaining the ITCZ shift in these two perturbed experiments. For both cases, the anomalous Hadley circulation does not contribute to transport the imposed energy from the Southern Hemisphere to the Northern Hemisphere, given a positive mean gross moist stability in the equatorial region. Changes in the cross-equatorial atmospheric energy are primarily transported by atmospheric transient eddies when the anomalous ITCZ shift is most pronounced during December–May. The partitioning of energy transport between the atmosphere and ocean shows latitudinal dependence: the atmosphere and ocean play an overall equivalent role in transporting the imposed energy for the extratropical SO forcing, while for the ST forcing, the imposed energy is nearly completely transported by the atmosphere. This contrast originates from the different ocean heat uptake and also the different meridional scale of the anomalous ocean circulation.
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Using one GFDL climate model, this study investigates the migration of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) with prescribed top-of-the-atmosphere (TOA) shortwave radiative heating in the SO (50°–80°S) versus the southern tropics (ST; 0°–20°S). Results demonstrate that the ITCZ position response to the ST forcing is twice as strong as the SO forcing, which is primarily driven by the contrasting sea surface temperature (SST) gradient over the tropics; however, the mechanism for the formation of the SST pattern remains elusive. Energy budget analysis reveals that the conventional energetic constraint framework is inadequate in explaining the ITCZ shift in these two perturbed experiments. For both cases, the anomalous Hadley circulation does not contribute to transport the imposed energy from the Southern Hemisphere to the Northern Hemisphere, given a positive mean gross moist stability in the equatorial region. Changes in the cross-equatorial atmospheric energy are primarily transported by atmospheric transient eddies when the anomalous ITCZ shift is most pronounced during December–May. The partitioning of energy transport between the atmosphere and ocean shows latitudinal dependence: the atmosphere and ocean play an overall equivalent role in transporting the imposed energy for the extratropical SO forcing, while for the ST forcing, the imposed energy is nearly completely transported by the atmosphere. 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Changes in the cross-equatorial atmospheric energy are primarily transported by atmospheric transient eddies when the anomalous ITCZ shift is most pronounced during December–May. The partitioning of energy transport between the atmosphere and ocean shows latitudinal dependence: the atmosphere and ocean play an overall equivalent role in transporting the imposed energy for the extratropical SO forcing, while for the ST forcing, the imposed energy is nearly completely transported by the atmosphere. 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Changes in the cross-equatorial atmospheric energy are primarily transported by atmospheric transient eddies when the anomalous ITCZ shift is most pronounced during December–May. The partitioning of energy transport between the atmosphere and ocean shows latitudinal dependence: the atmosphere and ocean play an overall equivalent role in transporting the imposed energy for the extratropical SO forcing, while for the ST forcing, the imposed energy is nearly completely transported by the atmosphere. This contrast originates from the different ocean heat uptake and also the different meridional scale of the anomalous ocean circulation.</abstract><cop>Boston</cop><pub>American Meteorological Society</pub><doi>10.1175/jcli-d-17-0566.1</doi><tpages>20</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record>
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subjects Atmosphere
Atmospheric models
Bias
Climate
Climate change
Climate models
Clouds
Convergence zones
Dependence
Eddies
Energy
Energy budget
Energy transfer
Energy transport
Equatorial regions
Fluid dynamics
Frameworks
General circulation models
Hadley circulation
Heating
Hypotheses
Intertropical convergence zone
Laboratories
Migration
Moist stability
Northern Hemisphere
Ocean circulation
Ocean circulation anomalies
Ocean currents
Ocean models
Oceanography
Oceans
Precipitation
Radiation
Radiative forcing
Radiative heating
Sea surface
Sea surface temperature
Short wave radiation
Southern Hemisphere
Studies
Surface temperature
Transport
Tropical environments
Uptake
Water circulation
title Contrasting Impacts of Radiative Forcing in the Southern Ocean versus Southern Tropics on ITCZ Position and Energy Transport in One GFDL Climate Model
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