Durability of alkali and heat‐treated kenaf fiber/unsaturated polyester composite fabricated by resin transfer molding under natural weathering exposure
Nonwoven kenaf fiber (KF) mat‐reinforced unsaturated polyester resin composites were exposed to a natural weathering environment for 12 months. The composites were prepared using vacuum‐assisted resin transfer molding (RTM). Prior to molding, the KF mat was treated by immersing it in 6% NaOH solutio...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Advances in polymer technology 2018-09, Vol.37 (5), p.1420-1434 |
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| container_title | Advances in polymer technology |
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| creator | Ariawan, Dody Salim, Muhamad S. Mat Taib, Razaina Ahmad Thirmizir, Mohammad Z. Mohammad Ishak, Zainal A. |
| description | Nonwoven kenaf fiber (KF) mat‐reinforced unsaturated polyester resin composites were exposed to a natural weathering environment for 12 months. The composites were prepared using vacuum‐assisted resin transfer molding (RTM). Prior to molding, the KF mat was treated by immersing it in 6% NaOH solution for 3 hrs and by heating it at 140°C for 10 hrs, respectively. The influences of weathering exposure on the composites with respect to the different treatments were investigated using flexural properties, fracture toughness, Fourier transform infrared, thermal stability, color and scanning electron microscopy analyses. Natural weathering reduced the flexural and fracture toughness due to damage to composite structures, the formation of microcracks on the sample surface, discoloration, and chemical content alteration. A relatively better durability in terms of flexural properties was exhibited by alkali‐treated KF composites, although poor durability in fracture toughness was observed due to the improved fiber–matrix adhesion. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1002/adv.21801 |
| format | Article |
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The composites were prepared using vacuum‐assisted resin transfer molding (RTM). Prior to molding, the KF mat was treated by immersing it in 6% NaOH solution for 3 hrs and by heating it at 140°C for 10 hrs, respectively. The influences of weathering exposure on the composites with respect to the different treatments were investigated using flexural properties, fracture toughness, Fourier transform infrared, thermal stability, color and scanning electron microscopy analyses. Natural weathering reduced the flexural and fracture toughness due to damage to composite structures, the formation of microcracks on the sample surface, discoloration, and chemical content alteration. A relatively better durability in terms of flexural properties was exhibited by alkali‐treated KF composites, although poor durability in fracture toughness was observed due to the improved fiber–matrix adhesion.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0730-6679</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1098-2329</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1002/adv.21801</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>London: Hindawi Limited</publisher><subject>alkali treatment ; Composite materials ; Composite structures ; Discoloration ; Durability ; Exposure ; Fiber-matrix adhesion ; Fourier transforms ; Fracture toughness ; heat treatment ; Infrared analysis ; Kenaf ; Microcracks ; natural weathering ; nonwoven kenaf fiber ; Organic chemistry ; Polyester resins ; Polyesters ; Polymer matrix composites ; Resin transfer molding ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Sodium hydroxide ; Stability analysis ; Structural damage ; Thermal stability ; Weathering</subject><ispartof>Advances in polymer technology, 2018-09, Vol.37 (5), p.1420-1434</ispartof><rights>2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.</rights><rights>Copyright © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3691-acefb73b41c8d1810fb5d7b9a141523a382c81cb188fe6d6e14f2251cd8ad4e43</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3691-acefb73b41c8d1810fb5d7b9a141523a382c81cb188fe6d6e14f2251cd8ad4e43</cites><orcidid>0000-0003-4318-3663</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Ariawan, Dody</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Salim, Muhamad S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mat Taib, Razaina</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ahmad Thirmizir, Mohammad Z.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mohammad Ishak, Zainal A.</creatorcontrib><title>Durability of alkali and heat‐treated kenaf fiber/unsaturated polyester composite fabricated by resin transfer molding under natural weathering exposure</title><title>Advances in polymer technology</title><description>Nonwoven kenaf fiber (KF) mat‐reinforced unsaturated polyester resin composites were exposed to a natural weathering environment for 12 months. The composites were prepared using vacuum‐assisted resin transfer molding (RTM). Prior to molding, the KF mat was treated by immersing it in 6% NaOH solution for 3 hrs and by heating it at 140°C for 10 hrs, respectively. The influences of weathering exposure on the composites with respect to the different treatments were investigated using flexural properties, fracture toughness, Fourier transform infrared, thermal stability, color and scanning electron microscopy analyses. Natural weathering reduced the flexural and fracture toughness due to damage to composite structures, the formation of microcracks on the sample surface, discoloration, and chemical content alteration. A relatively better durability in terms of flexural properties was exhibited by alkali‐treated KF composites, although poor durability in fracture toughness was observed due to the improved fiber–matrix adhesion.</description><subject>alkali treatment</subject><subject>Composite materials</subject><subject>Composite structures</subject><subject>Discoloration</subject><subject>Durability</subject><subject>Exposure</subject><subject>Fiber-matrix adhesion</subject><subject>Fourier transforms</subject><subject>Fracture toughness</subject><subject>heat treatment</subject><subject>Infrared analysis</subject><subject>Kenaf</subject><subject>Microcracks</subject><subject>natural weathering</subject><subject>nonwoven kenaf fiber</subject><subject>Organic chemistry</subject><subject>Polyester resins</subject><subject>Polyesters</subject><subject>Polymer matrix composites</subject><subject>Resin transfer molding</subject><subject>Scanning electron microscopy</subject><subject>Sodium hydroxide</subject><subject>Stability analysis</subject><subject>Structural damage</subject><subject>Thermal stability</subject><subject>Weathering</subject><issn>0730-6679</issn><issn>1098-2329</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2018</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNp1kLtOxDAQRS0EEsuj4A8sUVGE9TjZxCkRbwmJBmgjP8ZgyDqLnQDp-ARqPo8vwbtLSzWamTP3ai4hB8COgTE-lebtmINgsEEmwGqR8ZzXm2TCqpxlZVnV22QnxmfGAIoyn5DvsyFI5VrXj7SzVLYvsnVUekOfUPY_n199SBUNfUEvLbVOYZgOPso-3S3ni64dMfYYqO7miy66HqmVKji9WquRBozO0z5IH23C5l1rnH-kgzep8yuhlr4nlycMywV-JJkh4B7ZsrKNuP9Xd8n9xfnd6VV2c3t5fXpyk-m8rCGTGq2qclWAFgYEMKtmplK1hAJmPJe54FqAViCExdKUCIXlfAbaCGkKLPJdcrjWXYTudUi_NM_dEHyybHhKsOK8hCV1tKZ06GIMaJtFcHMZxgZYs4y-SdE3q-gTO12z767F8X-wOTl7WF_8Ag79itY</recordid><startdate>201809</startdate><enddate>201809</enddate><creator>Ariawan, Dody</creator><creator>Salim, Muhamad S.</creator><creator>Mat Taib, Razaina</creator><creator>Ahmad Thirmizir, Mohammad Z.</creator><creator>Mohammad Ishak, Zainal A.</creator><general>Hindawi Limited</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7SR</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>JG9</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4318-3663</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>201809</creationdate><title>Durability of alkali and heat‐treated kenaf fiber/unsaturated polyester composite fabricated by resin transfer molding under natural weathering exposure</title><author>Ariawan, Dody ; Salim, Muhamad S. ; Mat Taib, Razaina ; Ahmad Thirmizir, Mohammad Z. ; Mohammad Ishak, Zainal A.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c3691-acefb73b41c8d1810fb5d7b9a141523a382c81cb188fe6d6e14f2251cd8ad4e43</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2018</creationdate><topic>alkali treatment</topic><topic>Composite materials</topic><topic>Composite structures</topic><topic>Discoloration</topic><topic>Durability</topic><topic>Exposure</topic><topic>Fiber-matrix adhesion</topic><topic>Fourier transforms</topic><topic>Fracture toughness</topic><topic>heat treatment</topic><topic>Infrared analysis</topic><topic>Kenaf</topic><topic>Microcracks</topic><topic>natural weathering</topic><topic>nonwoven kenaf fiber</topic><topic>Organic chemistry</topic><topic>Polyester resins</topic><topic>Polyesters</topic><topic>Polymer matrix composites</topic><topic>Resin transfer molding</topic><topic>Scanning electron microscopy</topic><topic>Sodium hydroxide</topic><topic>Stability analysis</topic><topic>Structural damage</topic><topic>Thermal stability</topic><topic>Weathering</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Ariawan, Dody</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Salim, Muhamad S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mat Taib, Razaina</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ahmad Thirmizir, Mohammad Z.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mohammad Ishak, Zainal A.</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Engineered Materials Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Materials Research Database</collection><jtitle>Advances in polymer technology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Ariawan, Dody</au><au>Salim, Muhamad S.</au><au>Mat Taib, Razaina</au><au>Ahmad Thirmizir, Mohammad Z.</au><au>Mohammad Ishak, Zainal A.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Durability of alkali and heat‐treated kenaf fiber/unsaturated polyester composite fabricated by resin transfer molding under natural weathering exposure</atitle><jtitle>Advances in polymer technology</jtitle><date>2018-09</date><risdate>2018</risdate><volume>37</volume><issue>5</issue><spage>1420</spage><epage>1434</epage><pages>1420-1434</pages><issn>0730-6679</issn><eissn>1098-2329</eissn><abstract>Nonwoven kenaf fiber (KF) mat‐reinforced unsaturated polyester resin composites were exposed to a natural weathering environment for 12 months. The composites were prepared using vacuum‐assisted resin transfer molding (RTM). Prior to molding, the KF mat was treated by immersing it in 6% NaOH solution for 3 hrs and by heating it at 140°C for 10 hrs, respectively. The influences of weathering exposure on the composites with respect to the different treatments were investigated using flexural properties, fracture toughness, Fourier transform infrared, thermal stability, color and scanning electron microscopy analyses. Natural weathering reduced the flexural and fracture toughness due to damage to composite structures, the formation of microcracks on the sample surface, discoloration, and chemical content alteration. A relatively better durability in terms of flexural properties was exhibited by alkali‐treated KF composites, although poor durability in fracture toughness was observed due to the improved fiber–matrix adhesion.</abstract><cop>London</cop><pub>Hindawi Limited</pub><doi>10.1002/adv.21801</doi><tpages>15</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4318-3663</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
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| ispartof | Advances in polymer technology, 2018-09, Vol.37 (5), p.1420-1434 |
| issn | 0730-6679 1098-2329 |
| language | eng |
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| source | EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; Alma/SFX Local Collection |
| subjects | alkali treatment Composite materials Composite structures Discoloration Durability Exposure Fiber-matrix adhesion Fourier transforms Fracture toughness heat treatment Infrared analysis Kenaf Microcracks natural weathering nonwoven kenaf fiber Organic chemistry Polyester resins Polyesters Polymer matrix composites Resin transfer molding Scanning electron microscopy Sodium hydroxide Stability analysis Structural damage Thermal stability Weathering |
| title | Durability of alkali and heat‐treated kenaf fiber/unsaturated polyester composite fabricated by resin transfer molding under natural weathering exposure |
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