Response to antiretroviral treatment in HIV-1-infected individuals with allelic variants of the multidrug resistance transporter 1: a pharmacogenetics study
HIV-1-infected patients vary considerably by their response to antiretroviral treatment, drug concentrations in plasma, toxic events, and rate of immune recovery. This variability could have a genetic basis. We did a pharmacogenetics study to analyse the association between response to antiretrovira...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | The Lancet (British edition) 2002-01, Vol.359 (9300), p.30-36 |
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| creator | Fellay, Jacques Marzolini, Catia Meaden, Emma R Back, David J Buclin, Thierry Chave, Jean-Philippe Decosterd, Laurent A Furrer, Hansjakob Opravil, Milos Pantaleo, Giuseppe Retelska, Dorota Ruiz, Lidia Schinkel, Alfred H Vernazza, Pietro Eap, Chin B Telenti, Amalio |
| description | HIV-1-infected patients vary considerably by their response to antiretroviral treatment, drug concentrations in plasma, toxic events, and rate of immune recovery. This variability could have a genetic basis. We did a pharmacogenetics study to analyse the association between response to antiretroviral treatment and allelic variants of several genes.
In 123 patients, we did PCR analyses of the gene for the multidrug-resistance transporter (MDR1), which codes for P-glycoprotein, of genes coding for isoenzymes of cytochrome P450, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, CYP2D6, and CYP2C19, and of the gene for the chemokine receptor CCR5. We measured concentrations in plasma of the antiretroviral agents efavirenz and nelfinavir by high-performance liquid-chromatography, and measured levels of P-glycoprotein expression, CD4-cell count, and HIV-1 viraemia.
Median drug concentrations in patients with the MDR1 3435 TT, CT, and CC genotypes were at the 30th, 50th, and 75th percentiles, respectively (p=0·0001). In patients with CYP2D6 extensive-metaboliser or poor-metaboliser alleles, median drug concentrations were at percentiles 45 and 62·5, respectively (p=0·04). Patients with the MDR1 TT genotype 6 months after starting treatment had a greater rise in CD4-cell count (257 cells/μL) than patients with the CT (165 cells/μL) and CC (121cells/μL) genotype (p=0·0048), and the best recovery of naive CD4-cells.
The polymorphism MDR1 3435 C/T predicts immune recovery after initiation of antiretroviral treatment. This finding suggests that P-glycoprotein has an important role in admittance of antiretroviral drugs to restricted compartments in vivo. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)07276-8 |
| format | Article |
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In 123 patients, we did PCR analyses of the gene for the multidrug-resistance transporter (MDR1), which codes for P-glycoprotein, of genes coding for isoenzymes of cytochrome P450, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, CYP2D6, and CYP2C19, and of the gene for the chemokine receptor CCR5. We measured concentrations in plasma of the antiretroviral agents efavirenz and nelfinavir by high-performance liquid-chromatography, and measured levels of P-glycoprotein expression, CD4-cell count, and HIV-1 viraemia.
Median drug concentrations in patients with the MDR1 3435 TT, CT, and CC genotypes were at the 30th, 50th, and 75th percentiles, respectively (p=0·0001). In patients with CYP2D6 extensive-metaboliser or poor-metaboliser alleles, median drug concentrations were at percentiles 45 and 62·5, respectively (p=0·04). Patients with the MDR1 TT genotype 6 months after starting treatment had a greater rise in CD4-cell count (257 cells/μL) than patients with the CT (165 cells/μL) and CC (121cells/μL) genotype (p=0·0048), and the best recovery of naive CD4-cells.
The polymorphism MDR1 3435 C/T predicts immune recovery after initiation of antiretroviral treatment. This finding suggests that P-glycoprotein has an important role in admittance of antiretroviral drugs to restricted compartments in vivo.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0140-6736</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1474-547X</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)07276-8</identifier><identifier>PMID: 11809184</identifier><identifier>CODEN: LANCAO</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>London: Elsevier Ltd</publisher><subject>Alleles ; Anti-HIV Agents - blood ; Anti-HIV Agents - therapeutic use ; Antibiotics. Antiinfectious agents. Antiparasitic agents ; Antiretroviral agents ; Antiretroviral drugs ; Antiviral agents ; ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family B, Member 1 - drug effects ; ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family B, Member 1 - physiology ; Benzoxazines ; Biocompatibility ; Biological and medical sciences ; CCR5 protein ; CD4 antigen ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; CYP2D6 protein ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System - drug effects ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System - genetics ; Cytochrome P450 ; Drug resistance ; Drug therapy ; Efavirenz ; Electrical impedance ; Female ; Gene amplification ; Gene polymorphism ; Genes ; Genes, MDR - drug effects ; Genes, MDR - genetics ; Genotype ; Genotypes ; Glycoproteins ; HIV ; HIV Infections - drug therapy ; HIV Protease Inhibitors - blood ; HIV Protease Inhibitors - therapeutic use ; HIV-1 ; Human immunodeficiency virus ; Humans ; Immunology ; Immunosuppressive agents ; Isoenzymes ; Logistic Models ; Male ; MDR1 protein ; Medical research ; Medical sciences ; Multidrug resistance ; Multidrug resistant organisms ; Mutation ; Nelfinavir ; Nelfinavir - blood ; Nelfinavir - therapeutic use ; Oxazines - blood ; Oxazines - therapeutic use ; P-Glycoprotein ; Patients ; Pharmacogenetics ; Pharmacology ; Pharmacology. Drug treatments ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Polymorphism ; Prospective Studies ; Proteins ; Recovery ; Treatment Outcome ; Viremia</subject><ispartof>The Lancet (British edition), 2002-01, Vol.359 (9300), p.30-36</ispartof><rights>2002 Elsevier Ltd</rights><rights>2002 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>Copyright Lancet Ltd. Jan 5, 2002</rights><rights>Copyright Elsevier Limited Jan 5, 2002</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c498t-b58598179667f68adb3c645d9874b03a705b3e369f609b10a79befb88ad0a3373</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c498t-b58598179667f68adb3c645d9874b03a705b3e369f609b10a79befb88ad0a3373</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673602072768$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,3537,27901,27902,65534</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=13407832$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11809184$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Fellay, Jacques</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Marzolini, Catia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Meaden, Emma R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Back, David J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Buclin, Thierry</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chave, Jean-Philippe</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Decosterd, Laurent A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Furrer, Hansjakob</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Opravil, Milos</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pantaleo, Giuseppe</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Retelska, Dorota</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ruiz, Lidia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schinkel, Alfred H</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vernazza, Pietro</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Eap, Chin B</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Telenti, Amalio</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>for the Swiss HIV Cohort Study</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Swiss HIV Cohort Study</creatorcontrib><title>Response to antiretroviral treatment in HIV-1-infected individuals with allelic variants of the multidrug resistance transporter 1: a pharmacogenetics study</title><title>The Lancet (British edition)</title><addtitle>Lancet</addtitle><description>HIV-1-infected patients vary considerably by their response to antiretroviral treatment, drug concentrations in plasma, toxic events, and rate of immune recovery. This variability could have a genetic basis. We did a pharmacogenetics study to analyse the association between response to antiretroviral treatment and allelic variants of several genes.
In 123 patients, we did PCR analyses of the gene for the multidrug-resistance transporter (MDR1), which codes for P-glycoprotein, of genes coding for isoenzymes of cytochrome P450, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, CYP2D6, and CYP2C19, and of the gene for the chemokine receptor CCR5. We measured concentrations in plasma of the antiretroviral agents efavirenz and nelfinavir by high-performance liquid-chromatography, and measured levels of P-glycoprotein expression, CD4-cell count, and HIV-1 viraemia.
Median drug concentrations in patients with the MDR1 3435 TT, CT, and CC genotypes were at the 30th, 50th, and 75th percentiles, respectively (p=0·0001). In patients with CYP2D6 extensive-metaboliser or poor-metaboliser alleles, median drug concentrations were at percentiles 45 and 62·5, respectively (p=0·04). Patients with the MDR1 TT genotype 6 months after starting treatment had a greater rise in CD4-cell count (257 cells/μL) than patients with the CT (165 cells/μL) and CC (121cells/μL) genotype (p=0·0048), and the best recovery of naive CD4-cells.
The polymorphism MDR1 3435 C/T predicts immune recovery after initiation of antiretroviral treatment. This finding suggests that P-glycoprotein has an important role in admittance of antiretroviral drugs to restricted compartments in vivo.</description><subject>Alleles</subject><subject>Anti-HIV Agents - blood</subject><subject>Anti-HIV Agents - therapeutic use</subject><subject>Antibiotics. Antiinfectious agents. Antiparasitic agents</subject><subject>Antiretroviral agents</subject><subject>Antiretroviral drugs</subject><subject>Antiviral agents</subject><subject>ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family B, Member 1 - drug effects</subject><subject>ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family B, Member 1 - physiology</subject><subject>Benzoxazines</subject><subject>Biocompatibility</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>CCR5 protein</subject><subject>CD4 antigen</subject><subject>Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid</subject><subject>CYP2D6 protein</subject><subject>Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System - drug effects</subject><subject>Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System - genetics</subject><subject>Cytochrome P450</subject><subject>Drug resistance</subject><subject>Drug therapy</subject><subject>Efavirenz</subject><subject>Electrical impedance</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Gene amplification</subject><subject>Gene polymorphism</subject><subject>Genes</subject><subject>Genes, MDR - drug effects</subject><subject>Genes, MDR - genetics</subject><subject>Genotype</subject><subject>Genotypes</subject><subject>Glycoproteins</subject><subject>HIV</subject><subject>HIV Infections - drug therapy</subject><subject>HIV Protease Inhibitors - blood</subject><subject>HIV Protease Inhibitors - therapeutic use</subject><subject>HIV-1</subject><subject>Human immunodeficiency virus</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Immunology</subject><subject>Immunosuppressive agents</subject><subject>Isoenzymes</subject><subject>Logistic Models</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>MDR1 protein</subject><subject>Medical research</subject><subject>Medical sciences</subject><subject>Multidrug resistance</subject><subject>Multidrug resistant organisms</subject><subject>Mutation</subject><subject>Nelfinavir</subject><subject>Nelfinavir - blood</subject><subject>Nelfinavir - therapeutic use</subject><subject>Oxazines - blood</subject><subject>Oxazines - therapeutic use</subject><subject>P-Glycoprotein</subject><subject>Patients</subject><subject>Pharmacogenetics</subject><subject>Pharmacology</subject><subject>Pharmacology. Drug treatments</subject><subject>Polymerase Chain Reaction</subject><subject>Polymorphism</subject><subject>Prospective Studies</subject><subject>Proteins</subject><subject>Recovery</subject><subject>Treatment Outcome</subject><subject>Viremia</subject><issn>0140-6736</issn><issn>1474-547X</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2002</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>8G5</sourceid><sourceid>BEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>GUQSH</sourceid><sourceid>M2O</sourceid><recordid>eNqFkV1rFDEUhoModq3-BCUogl6Mnkwy-fBGpKgtFAS_8C5kkjPdlNmZNcms9L_4Y027i70SrwKH55w3vA8hjxm8YsDk6y_ABDRScfkC2pegWiUbfYesmFCi6YT6cZes_iJH5EHOlwAgJHT3yRFjGgzTYkV-f8a8naeMtMzUTSUmLGnexeRGWhK6ssGp0DjR07PvDWviNKAvGOokxF0Mixsz_RXLmrpxxDF6unMp1juZzgMta6SbZSwxpOWCJswxFzf5mpXcVGNTwUTZG-rodu3Sxvn5Aics0WeayxKuHpJ7Qw3AR4f3mHz78P7ryWlz_unj2cm788YLo0vTd7ozmikjpRqkdqHnXoouGK1ED9wp6HqOXJpBgukZOGV6HHpdSXCcK35Mnu3vbtP8c8Fc7OW8pKlG2hakMa2UhlXq6b8oZgxIkEJWqNtDPs05JxzsNsWNS1eWgb0WZ2_E2WsrFlp7I87quvfkcHzpNxhutw6mKvD8ALjs3TjUBn3MtxwXoDRvK_d2z2EtbBcx2ewj1tJDVeuLDXP8z1f-AOAztuY</recordid><startdate>20020105</startdate><enddate>20020105</enddate><creator>Fellay, Jacques</creator><creator>Marzolini, Catia</creator><creator>Meaden, Emma R</creator><creator>Back, David J</creator><creator>Buclin, Thierry</creator><creator>Chave, Jean-Philippe</creator><creator>Decosterd, Laurent A</creator><creator>Furrer, Hansjakob</creator><creator>Opravil, Milos</creator><creator>Pantaleo, Giuseppe</creator><creator>Retelska, Dorota</creator><creator>Ruiz, Lidia</creator><creator>Schinkel, Alfred H</creator><creator>Vernazza, Pietro</creator><creator>Eap, Chin B</creator><creator>Telenti, Amalio</creator><general>Elsevier Ltd</general><general>Lancet</general><general>Elsevier Limited</general><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>0TT</scope><scope>0TZ</scope><scope>0U~</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7QP</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7TK</scope><scope>7U7</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88A</scope><scope>88C</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>88G</scope><scope>88I</scope><scope>8AF</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8C2</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>8G5</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AN0</scope><scope>ASE</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FPQ</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>GUQSH</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K6X</scope><scope>K9-</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>KB~</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0R</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M0T</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M2M</scope><scope>M2O</scope><scope>M2P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>MBDVC</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PSYQQ</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>S0X</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20020105</creationdate><title>Response to antiretroviral treatment in HIV-1-infected individuals with allelic variants of the multidrug resistance transporter 1: a pharmacogenetics study</title><author>Fellay, Jacques ; Marzolini, Catia ; Meaden, Emma R ; Back, David J ; Buclin, Thierry ; Chave, Jean-Philippe ; Decosterd, Laurent A ; Furrer, Hansjakob ; Opravil, Milos ; Pantaleo, Giuseppe ; Retelska, Dorota ; Ruiz, Lidia ; Schinkel, Alfred H ; Vernazza, Pietro ; Eap, Chin B ; Telenti, Amalio</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c498t-b58598179667f68adb3c645d9874b03a705b3e369f609b10a79befb88ad0a3373</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2002</creationdate><topic>Alleles</topic><topic>Anti-HIV Agents - blood</topic><topic>Anti-HIV Agents - therapeutic use</topic><topic>Antibiotics. 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Antiparasitic agents</topic><topic>Antiretroviral agents</topic><topic>Antiretroviral drugs</topic><topic>Antiviral agents</topic><topic>ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family B, Member 1 - drug effects</topic><topic>ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family B, Member 1 - physiology</topic><topic>Benzoxazines</topic><topic>Biocompatibility</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>CCR5 protein</topic><topic>CD4 antigen</topic><topic>Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid</topic><topic>CYP2D6 protein</topic><topic>Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System - drug effects</topic><topic>Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System - genetics</topic><topic>Cytochrome P450</topic><topic>Drug resistance</topic><topic>Drug therapy</topic><topic>Efavirenz</topic><topic>Electrical impedance</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Gene amplification</topic><topic>Gene polymorphism</topic><topic>Genes</topic><topic>Genes, MDR - drug effects</topic><topic>Genes, MDR - genetics</topic><topic>Genotype</topic><topic>Genotypes</topic><topic>Glycoproteins</topic><topic>HIV</topic><topic>HIV Infections - drug therapy</topic><topic>HIV Protease Inhibitors - blood</topic><topic>HIV Protease Inhibitors - therapeutic use</topic><topic>HIV-1</topic><topic>Human immunodeficiency virus</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Immunology</topic><topic>Immunosuppressive agents</topic><topic>Isoenzymes</topic><topic>Logistic Models</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>MDR1 protein</topic><topic>Medical research</topic><topic>Medical sciences</topic><topic>Multidrug resistance</topic><topic>Multidrug resistant organisms</topic><topic>Mutation</topic><topic>Nelfinavir</topic><topic>Nelfinavir - blood</topic><topic>Nelfinavir - therapeutic use</topic><topic>Oxazines - blood</topic><topic>Oxazines - therapeutic use</topic><topic>P-Glycoprotein</topic><topic>Patients</topic><topic>Pharmacogenetics</topic><topic>Pharmacology</topic><topic>Pharmacology. 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Abstracts</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>British Nursing Index</collection><collection>Consumer Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Newsstand Professional</collection><collection>ProQuest Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>Consumer Health Database</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Healthcare Administration Database</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Psychology</collection><collection>Research Library</collection><collection>Science Database</collection><collection>Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C)</collection><collection>Biological Science Database</collection><collection>Research Library (Corporate)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest One Psychology</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><collection>SIRS Editorial</collection><jtitle>The Lancet (British edition)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Fellay, Jacques</au><au>Marzolini, Catia</au><au>Meaden, Emma R</au><au>Back, David J</au><au>Buclin, Thierry</au><au>Chave, Jean-Philippe</au><au>Decosterd, Laurent A</au><au>Furrer, Hansjakob</au><au>Opravil, Milos</au><au>Pantaleo, Giuseppe</au><au>Retelska, Dorota</au><au>Ruiz, Lidia</au><au>Schinkel, Alfred H</au><au>Vernazza, Pietro</au><au>Eap, Chin B</au><au>Telenti, Amalio</au><aucorp>for the Swiss HIV Cohort Study</aucorp><aucorp>Swiss HIV Cohort Study</aucorp><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Response to antiretroviral treatment in HIV-1-infected individuals with allelic variants of the multidrug resistance transporter 1: a pharmacogenetics study</atitle><jtitle>The Lancet (British edition)</jtitle><addtitle>Lancet</addtitle><date>2002-01-05</date><risdate>2002</risdate><volume>359</volume><issue>9300</issue><spage>30</spage><epage>36</epage><pages>30-36</pages><issn>0140-6736</issn><eissn>1474-547X</eissn><coden>LANCAO</coden><abstract>HIV-1-infected patients vary considerably by their response to antiretroviral treatment, drug concentrations in plasma, toxic events, and rate of immune recovery. This variability could have a genetic basis. We did a pharmacogenetics study to analyse the association between response to antiretroviral treatment and allelic variants of several genes.
In 123 patients, we did PCR analyses of the gene for the multidrug-resistance transporter (MDR1), which codes for P-glycoprotein, of genes coding for isoenzymes of cytochrome P450, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, CYP2D6, and CYP2C19, and of the gene for the chemokine receptor CCR5. We measured concentrations in plasma of the antiretroviral agents efavirenz and nelfinavir by high-performance liquid-chromatography, and measured levels of P-glycoprotein expression, CD4-cell count, and HIV-1 viraemia.
Median drug concentrations in patients with the MDR1 3435 TT, CT, and CC genotypes were at the 30th, 50th, and 75th percentiles, respectively (p=0·0001). In patients with CYP2D6 extensive-metaboliser or poor-metaboliser alleles, median drug concentrations were at percentiles 45 and 62·5, respectively (p=0·04). Patients with the MDR1 TT genotype 6 months after starting treatment had a greater rise in CD4-cell count (257 cells/μL) than patients with the CT (165 cells/μL) and CC (121cells/μL) genotype (p=0·0048), and the best recovery of naive CD4-cells.
The polymorphism MDR1 3435 C/T predicts immune recovery after initiation of antiretroviral treatment. This finding suggests that P-glycoprotein has an important role in admittance of antiretroviral drugs to restricted compartments in vivo.</abstract><cop>London</cop><pub>Elsevier Ltd</pub><pmid>11809184</pmid><doi>10.1016/S0140-6736(02)07276-8</doi><tpages>7</tpages></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 0140-6736 |
| ispartof | The Lancet (British edition), 2002-01, Vol.359 (9300), p.30-36 |
| issn | 0140-6736 1474-547X |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_proquest_journals_2069926691 |
| source | MEDLINE; Elsevier ScienceDirect Journals Complete; Business Source Complete |
| subjects | Alleles Anti-HIV Agents - blood Anti-HIV Agents - therapeutic use Antibiotics. Antiinfectious agents. Antiparasitic agents Antiretroviral agents Antiretroviral drugs Antiviral agents ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family B, Member 1 - drug effects ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family B, Member 1 - physiology Benzoxazines Biocompatibility Biological and medical sciences CCR5 protein CD4 antigen Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid CYP2D6 protein Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System - drug effects Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System - genetics Cytochrome P450 Drug resistance Drug therapy Efavirenz Electrical impedance Female Gene amplification Gene polymorphism Genes Genes, MDR - drug effects Genes, MDR - genetics Genotype Genotypes Glycoproteins HIV HIV Infections - drug therapy HIV Protease Inhibitors - blood HIV Protease Inhibitors - therapeutic use HIV-1 Human immunodeficiency virus Humans Immunology Immunosuppressive agents Isoenzymes Logistic Models Male MDR1 protein Medical research Medical sciences Multidrug resistance Multidrug resistant organisms Mutation Nelfinavir Nelfinavir - blood Nelfinavir - therapeutic use Oxazines - blood Oxazines - therapeutic use P-Glycoprotein Patients Pharmacogenetics Pharmacology Pharmacology. Drug treatments Polymerase Chain Reaction Polymorphism Prospective Studies Proteins Recovery Treatment Outcome Viremia |
| title | Response to antiretroviral treatment in HIV-1-infected individuals with allelic variants of the multidrug resistance transporter 1: a pharmacogenetics study |
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