The Cross-Lagged Research Approach: Description and Illustration
This paper examines the appropriateness of the cross-lagged technique for investigating causal relations where a true experimental design is not present. For empirical testing purposes, the cross-lagged technique is applied to the expectancy motivation models and performance models of Lawler (1973)....
Gespeichert in:
| Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of accounting research 1982-10, Vol.20 (2), p.403-414 |
|---|---|
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
| Format: | Artikel |
| Sprache: | eng |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Volltext |
| Tags: |
Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
|
| container_end_page | 414 |
|---|---|
| container_issue | 2 |
| container_start_page | 403 |
| container_title | Journal of accounting research |
| container_volume | 20 |
| creator | Anderson, Thomas N. Kida, Thomas E. |
| description | This paper examines the appropriateness of the cross-lagged technique for investigating causal relations where a true experimental design is not present. For empirical testing purposes, the cross-lagged technique is applied to the expectancy motivation models and performance models of Lawler (1973). These models are chosen because their theoretical base implies a strong degree of causation. They also provide the necessary conditions for the technique's application, particularly synchronicity and stationarity. Using relatively small samples, the results indicate little significant difference between cross-lagged correlations of expectancy motivation, effort, and role perception measures. Since the cross-lagged technique is a passive correlation technique, it is not a positive test of correlation. Rather, it should be considered as an exploratory method to uncover simple causal relations between uncontrolled variables. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.2307/2490748 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>jstor_proqu</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_journals_206673124</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><jstor_id>2490748</jstor_id><sourcerecordid>2490748</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c270t-f02402f548a1fd1796fde31f404379a1ae6e2ea3c3200e68df2c6ad079c931f13</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp10EtLw0AQB_BFFKxV_ApBBU_Rmd3NbtaTJb4KBUEqeAvLZrYPahN3k4PfvgnttaeB4cc8_oxdIzxwAfqRSwNa5idshFJnqdLm55SNADimuczUObuIcQ0AJhM4Ys_zJSVFqGNMZ3axoCr5okg2uGUyaZpQW7d8Sl4ourBq2lW9Tey2SqabTRfbYIfGJTvzdhPp6lDH7PvtdV58pLPP92kxmaWOa2hTD1wC95nMLfoKtVG-IoFeghTaWLSkiJMVTnAAUnnluVO2Am2c6RmKMbvZz-2P-usotuW67sK2X1lyUEoL5LJHt8cQyoEBAvTqfq_c8HcgXzZh9WvDf4lQDhmWhwx7ebeX69jW4SjbAbJDbCA</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>1420660100</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>The Cross-Lagged Research Approach: Description and Illustration</title><source>Jstor Complete Legacy</source><source>Periodicals Index Online</source><creator>Anderson, Thomas N. ; Kida, Thomas E.</creator><creatorcontrib>Anderson, Thomas N. ; Kida, Thomas E.</creatorcontrib><description>This paper examines the appropriateness of the cross-lagged technique for investigating causal relations where a true experimental design is not present. For empirical testing purposes, the cross-lagged technique is applied to the expectancy motivation models and performance models of Lawler (1973). These models are chosen because their theoretical base implies a strong degree of causation. They also provide the necessary conditions for the technique's application, particularly synchronicity and stationarity. Using relatively small samples, the results indicate little significant difference between cross-lagged correlations of expectancy motivation, effort, and role perception measures. Since the cross-lagged technique is a passive correlation technique, it is not a positive test of correlation. Rather, it should be considered as an exploratory method to uncover simple causal relations between uncontrolled variables.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0021-8456</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1475-679X</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.2307/2490748</identifier><identifier>CODEN: JACRBR</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Chicago, Ill: The Institute of Professional Accounting, Graduate School of Business, University of Chicago</publisher><subject>Causality ; Control variables ; Correlations ; Expectancy theories ; Expectancy theory ; Job performance ; Job performance evaluation ; Marketing ; Mathematical models ; Modeling ; Motivation ; Psychological attitudes ; Questionnaires ; Ratios ; Research Reports ; Stationary ; Statistical methods ; Studies ; Testing</subject><ispartof>Journal of accounting research, 1982-10, Vol.20 (2), p.403-414</ispartof><rights>Copyright 1982 Institute of Professional Accounting</rights><rights>Copyright Institute of Professional Accounting Autumn 1982</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c270t-f02402f548a1fd1796fde31f404379a1ae6e2ea3c3200e68df2c6ad079c931f13</citedby></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2490748$$EPDF$$P50$$Gjstor$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/2490748$$EHTML$$P50$$Gjstor$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,799,27846,27901,27902,57992,58225</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Anderson, Thomas N.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kida, Thomas E.</creatorcontrib><title>The Cross-Lagged Research Approach: Description and Illustration</title><title>Journal of accounting research</title><description>This paper examines the appropriateness of the cross-lagged technique for investigating causal relations where a true experimental design is not present. For empirical testing purposes, the cross-lagged technique is applied to the expectancy motivation models and performance models of Lawler (1973). These models are chosen because their theoretical base implies a strong degree of causation. They also provide the necessary conditions for the technique's application, particularly synchronicity and stationarity. Using relatively small samples, the results indicate little significant difference between cross-lagged correlations of expectancy motivation, effort, and role perception measures. Since the cross-lagged technique is a passive correlation technique, it is not a positive test of correlation. Rather, it should be considered as an exploratory method to uncover simple causal relations between uncontrolled variables.</description><subject>Causality</subject><subject>Control variables</subject><subject>Correlations</subject><subject>Expectancy theories</subject><subject>Expectancy theory</subject><subject>Job performance</subject><subject>Job performance evaluation</subject><subject>Marketing</subject><subject>Mathematical models</subject><subject>Modeling</subject><subject>Motivation</subject><subject>Psychological attitudes</subject><subject>Questionnaires</subject><subject>Ratios</subject><subject>Research Reports</subject><subject>Stationary</subject><subject>Statistical methods</subject><subject>Studies</subject><subject>Testing</subject><issn>0021-8456</issn><issn>1475-679X</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>1982</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>K30</sourceid><recordid>eNp10EtLw0AQB_BFFKxV_ApBBU_Rmd3NbtaTJb4KBUEqeAvLZrYPahN3k4PfvgnttaeB4cc8_oxdIzxwAfqRSwNa5idshFJnqdLm55SNADimuczUObuIcQ0AJhM4Ys_zJSVFqGNMZ3axoCr5okg2uGUyaZpQW7d8Sl4ourBq2lW9Tey2SqabTRfbYIfGJTvzdhPp6lDH7PvtdV58pLPP92kxmaWOa2hTD1wC95nMLfoKtVG-IoFeghTaWLSkiJMVTnAAUnnluVO2Am2c6RmKMbvZz-2P-usotuW67sK2X1lyUEoL5LJHt8cQyoEBAvTqfq_c8HcgXzZh9WvDf4lQDhmWhwx7ebeX69jW4SjbAbJDbCA</recordid><startdate>19821001</startdate><enddate>19821001</enddate><creator>Anderson, Thomas N.</creator><creator>Kida, Thomas E.</creator><general>The Institute of Professional Accounting, Graduate School of Business, University of Chicago</general><general>Institute of Professional Accounting, Graduate School of Business, University of Chicago</general><general>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>K30</scope><scope>PAAUG</scope><scope>PAWHS</scope><scope>PAWZZ</scope><scope>PAXOH</scope><scope>PBHAV</scope><scope>PBQSW</scope><scope>PBYQZ</scope><scope>PCIWU</scope><scope>PCMID</scope><scope>PCZJX</scope><scope>PDGRG</scope><scope>PDWWI</scope><scope>PETMR</scope><scope>PFVGT</scope><scope>PGXDX</scope><scope>PIHIL</scope><scope>PISVA</scope><scope>PJCTQ</scope><scope>PJTMS</scope><scope>PLCHJ</scope><scope>PMHAD</scope><scope>PNQDJ</scope><scope>POUND</scope><scope>PPLAD</scope><scope>PQAPC</scope><scope>PQCAN</scope><scope>PQCMW</scope><scope>PQEME</scope><scope>PQHKH</scope><scope>PQMID</scope><scope>PQNCT</scope><scope>PQNET</scope><scope>PQSCT</scope><scope>PQSET</scope><scope>PSVJG</scope><scope>PVMQY</scope><scope>PZGFC</scope><scope>SFNNT</scope><scope>8BJ</scope><scope>FQK</scope><scope>JBE</scope></search><sort><creationdate>19821001</creationdate><title>The Cross-Lagged Research Approach: Description and Illustration</title><author>Anderson, Thomas N. ; Kida, Thomas E.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c270t-f02402f548a1fd1796fde31f404379a1ae6e2ea3c3200e68df2c6ad079c931f13</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>1982</creationdate><topic>Causality</topic><topic>Control variables</topic><topic>Correlations</topic><topic>Expectancy theories</topic><topic>Expectancy theory</topic><topic>Job performance</topic><topic>Job performance evaluation</topic><topic>Marketing</topic><topic>Mathematical models</topic><topic>Modeling</topic><topic>Motivation</topic><topic>Psychological attitudes</topic><topic>Questionnaires</topic><topic>Ratios</topic><topic>Research Reports</topic><topic>Stationary</topic><topic>Statistical methods</topic><topic>Studies</topic><topic>Testing</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Anderson, Thomas N.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kida, Thomas E.</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Periodicals Index Online</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - West</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - International</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access & Build (Plan A) - MEA</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - Midwest</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - Northeast</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - Southeast</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - North Central</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - Southeast</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - South Central</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access & Build (Plan A) - UK / I</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - Canada</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - EMEALA</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - North Central</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - South Central</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access & Build (Plan A) - International</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - International</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - West</collection><collection>Periodicals Index Online Segments 1-50</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - APAC</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - Midwest</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - MEA</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - Canada</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - UK / I</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - EMEALA</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access & Build (Plan A) - APAC</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access & Build (Plan A) - Canada</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access & Build (Plan A) - West</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access & Build (Plan A) - EMEALA</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - Northeast</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access & Build (Plan A) - Midwest</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access & Build (Plan A) - North Central</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access & Build (Plan A) - Northeast</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access & Build (Plan A) - South Central</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access & Build (Plan A) - Southeast</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - UK / I</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - APAC</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - MEA</collection><collection>Periodicals Index Online Segment 44</collection><collection>International Bibliography of the Social Sciences (IBSS)</collection><collection>International Bibliography of the Social Sciences</collection><collection>International Bibliography of the Social Sciences</collection><jtitle>Journal of accounting research</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Anderson, Thomas N.</au><au>Kida, Thomas E.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>The Cross-Lagged Research Approach: Description and Illustration</atitle><jtitle>Journal of accounting research</jtitle><date>1982-10-01</date><risdate>1982</risdate><volume>20</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>403</spage><epage>414</epage><pages>403-414</pages><issn>0021-8456</issn><eissn>1475-679X</eissn><coden>JACRBR</coden><abstract>This paper examines the appropriateness of the cross-lagged technique for investigating causal relations where a true experimental design is not present. For empirical testing purposes, the cross-lagged technique is applied to the expectancy motivation models and performance models of Lawler (1973). These models are chosen because their theoretical base implies a strong degree of causation. They also provide the necessary conditions for the technique's application, particularly synchronicity and stationarity. Using relatively small samples, the results indicate little significant difference between cross-lagged correlations of expectancy motivation, effort, and role perception measures. Since the cross-lagged technique is a passive correlation technique, it is not a positive test of correlation. Rather, it should be considered as an exploratory method to uncover simple causal relations between uncontrolled variables.</abstract><cop>Chicago, Ill</cop><pub>The Institute of Professional Accounting, Graduate School of Business, University of Chicago</pub><doi>10.2307/2490748</doi><tpages>12</tpages></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 0021-8456 |
| ispartof | Journal of accounting research, 1982-10, Vol.20 (2), p.403-414 |
| issn | 0021-8456 1475-679X |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_proquest_journals_206673124 |
| source | Jstor Complete Legacy; Periodicals Index Online |
| subjects | Causality Control variables Correlations Expectancy theories Expectancy theory Job performance Job performance evaluation Marketing Mathematical models Modeling Motivation Psychological attitudes Questionnaires Ratios Research Reports Stationary Statistical methods Studies Testing |
| title | The Cross-Lagged Research Approach: Description and Illustration |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-02-02T12%3A21%3A32IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-jstor_proqu&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The%20Cross-Lagged%20Research%20Approach:%20Description%20and%20Illustration&rft.jtitle=Journal%20of%20accounting%20research&rft.au=Anderson,%20Thomas%20N.&rft.date=1982-10-01&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.spage=403&rft.epage=414&rft.pages=403-414&rft.issn=0021-8456&rft.eissn=1475-679X&rft.coden=JACRBR&rft_id=info:doi/10.2307/2490748&rft_dat=%3Cjstor_proqu%3E2490748%3C/jstor_proqu%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=1420660100&rft_id=info:pmid/&rft_jstor_id=2490748&rfr_iscdi=true |