Seismic Amplitude Ratio Analysis of the 2014–2015 Bár ∂arbunga‐Holuhraun Dike Propagation and Eruption

Magma is transported in brittle rock through dikes and sills. This movement may be accompanied by the release of seismic energy that can be tracked from the Earth's surface. Locating dikes and deciphering their dynamics is therefore of prime importance in understanding and potentially forecasti...

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Veröffentlicht in:Journal of geophysical research. Solid earth 2018-01, Vol.123 (1), p.264-276
Hauptverfasser: Caudron, Corentin, White, Robert S., Green, Robert G., Woods, Jennifer, Ágústsdóttir, Thorbjörg, Donaldson, Clare, Greenfield, Tim, Rivalta, Eleonora, Brandsdóttir, Bryndís
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container_issue 1
container_start_page 264
container_title Journal of geophysical research. Solid earth
container_volume 123
creator Caudron, Corentin
White, Robert S.
Green, Robert G.
Woods, Jennifer
Ágústsdóttir, Thorbjörg
Donaldson, Clare
Greenfield, Tim
Rivalta, Eleonora
Brandsdóttir, Bryndís
description Magma is transported in brittle rock through dikes and sills. This movement may be accompanied by the release of seismic energy that can be tracked from the Earth's surface. Locating dikes and deciphering their dynamics is therefore of prime importance in understanding and potentially forecasting volcanic eruptions. The Seismic Amplitude Ratio Analysis (SARA) method aims to track melt propagation using the amplitudes recorded across a seismic network without picking the arrival times of individual earthquake phases. This study validates this methodology by comparing SARA locations (filtered between 2 and 16 Hz) with the earthquake locations (same frequency band) recorded during the 2014–2015 Bár ∂arbunga‐Holuhraun dike intrusion and eruption in Iceland. Integrating both approaches also provides the opportunity to investigate the spatiotemporal characteristics of magma migration during the dike intrusion and ensuing eruption. During the intrusion SARA locations correspond remarkably well to the locations of earthquakes. Several exceptions are, however, observed. (1) A low‐frequency signal was possibly associated with a subglacial eruption on 23 August. (2) A systematic retreat of the seismicity was also observed to the back of each active segment during stalled phases and was associated with a larger spatial extent of the seismic energy source. This behavior may be controlled by the dike's shape and/or by dike inflation. (3) During the eruption SARA locations consistently focused at the eruptive site. (4) Tremor‐rich signal close to ice cauldrons occurred on 3 September. This study demonstrates the power of the SARA methodology, provided robust site amplification; Quality Factors and seismic velocities are available. Plain Language Summary Locating earthquakes usually implies picking phase arrivals (P and S waves). Another technique called Seismic Amplitude Ratio Analysis (SARA) was recently introduced to locate them only by using the amplitude recorded at different pairs of seismic stations. However, this technique was never proven to be true. This study shows that the earthquake locations derived by SARA compares remarkably well with the locations of 30,000 seismic events triggered when magma migrated in the Icelandic crust prior to the 2014–2015 Holuhraun eruption. But the results also provide new insight into the magma dynamics that led to the largest eruption of the last two centuries in Europe. We show that ground vibration was continuously triggered
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This movement may be accompanied by the release of seismic energy that can be tracked from the Earth's surface. Locating dikes and deciphering their dynamics is therefore of prime importance in understanding and potentially forecasting volcanic eruptions. The Seismic Amplitude Ratio Analysis (SARA) method aims to track melt propagation using the amplitudes recorded across a seismic network without picking the arrival times of individual earthquake phases. This study validates this methodology by comparing SARA locations (filtered between 2 and 16 Hz) with the earthquake locations (same frequency band) recorded during the 2014–2015 Bár ∂arbunga‐Holuhraun dike intrusion and eruption in Iceland. Integrating both approaches also provides the opportunity to investigate the spatiotemporal characteristics of magma migration during the dike intrusion and ensuing eruption. During the intrusion SARA locations correspond remarkably well to the locations of earthquakes. Several exceptions are, however, observed. (1) A low‐frequency signal was possibly associated with a subglacial eruption on 23 August. (2) A systematic retreat of the seismicity was also observed to the back of each active segment during stalled phases and was associated with a larger spatial extent of the seismic energy source. This behavior may be controlled by the dike's shape and/or by dike inflation. (3) During the eruption SARA locations consistently focused at the eruptive site. (4) Tremor‐rich signal close to ice cauldrons occurred on 3 September. This study demonstrates the power of the SARA methodology, provided robust site amplification; Quality Factors and seismic velocities are available. Plain Language Summary Locating earthquakes usually implies picking phase arrivals (P and S waves). Another technique called Seismic Amplitude Ratio Analysis (SARA) was recently introduced to locate them only by using the amplitude recorded at different pairs of seismic stations. However, this technique was never proven to be true. This study shows that the earthquake locations derived by SARA compares remarkably well with the locations of 30,000 seismic events triggered when magma migrated in the Icelandic crust prior to the 2014–2015 Holuhraun eruption. But the results also provide new insight into the magma dynamics that led to the largest eruption of the last two centuries in Europe. We show that ground vibration was continuously triggered during the 2 week period preceding the eruption when magma forced its way toward the eruption site but also during the eruption itself. Several intriguing features were observed including low‐frequency vibrations possibly associated with eruption below the ice, or large patches of seismic activity when the magma stopped propagating toward the eruption site. This methodology performs very well, provided some parameters are available, and allows to gain insights into the complex dynamics associated with magma movements. Key Points This work provides a proof of concept of the Seismic Amplitude Ratio Analysis (SARA) Seismic energy continuously released even in the absence of earthquakes detected by traditional techniques Seismic observations during stalled phases are explained by changes in the dike shape and/or dike inflation</description><identifier>ISSN: 2169-9313</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2169-9356</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1002/2017JB014660</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Washington: Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><subject>Amplitude ; Bardarbunga‐Holuhraun ; dike propagation ; Dikes ; Dynamics ; Earth ; Earth surface ; Earthquakes ; Embankments ; Energy sources ; Geophysics ; Ground motion ; Lava ; Locating ; Locations (working) ; Magma ; magma migration ; Methodology ; Migration ; monitoring ; Propagation ; Rock intrusions ; S waves ; Seismic activity ; Seismic analysis ; Seismic energy ; Seismic energy sources ; Seismic engineering ; Seismic response ; Seismic velocities ; Seismicity ; seismology ; Sills ; Spatial analysis ; Tracking ; Vibration ; Vibrations ; Volcanic activity ; Volcanic eruptions ; volcanology</subject><ispartof>Journal of geophysical research. 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All Rights Reserved.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><orcidid>0000-0002-2972-397X ; 0000-0002-3748-0007 ; 0000-0002-4370-7298 ; 0000-0001-8245-0504 ; 0000-0001-5406-0971 ; 0000-0003-4181-0555 ; 0000-0002-1614-7133 ; 0000-0002-4018-0697 ; 0000-0003-2954-9323</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002%2F2017JB014660$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002%2F2017JB014660$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,1417,1433,27924,27925,45574,45575,46409,46833</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Caudron, Corentin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>White, Robert S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Green, Robert G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Woods, Jennifer</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ágústsdóttir, Thorbjörg</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Donaldson, Clare</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Greenfield, Tim</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rivalta, Eleonora</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Brandsdóttir, Bryndís</creatorcontrib><title>Seismic Amplitude Ratio Analysis of the 2014–2015 Bár ∂arbunga‐Holuhraun Dike Propagation and Eruption</title><title>Journal of geophysical research. Solid earth</title><description>Magma is transported in brittle rock through dikes and sills. This movement may be accompanied by the release of seismic energy that can be tracked from the Earth's surface. Locating dikes and deciphering their dynamics is therefore of prime importance in understanding and potentially forecasting volcanic eruptions. The Seismic Amplitude Ratio Analysis (SARA) method aims to track melt propagation using the amplitudes recorded across a seismic network without picking the arrival times of individual earthquake phases. This study validates this methodology by comparing SARA locations (filtered between 2 and 16 Hz) with the earthquake locations (same frequency band) recorded during the 2014–2015 Bár ∂arbunga‐Holuhraun dike intrusion and eruption in Iceland. Integrating both approaches also provides the opportunity to investigate the spatiotemporal characteristics of magma migration during the dike intrusion and ensuing eruption. During the intrusion SARA locations correspond remarkably well to the locations of earthquakes. Several exceptions are, however, observed. (1) A low‐frequency signal was possibly associated with a subglacial eruption on 23 August. (2) A systematic retreat of the seismicity was also observed to the back of each active segment during stalled phases and was associated with a larger spatial extent of the seismic energy source. This behavior may be controlled by the dike's shape and/or by dike inflation. (3) During the eruption SARA locations consistently focused at the eruptive site. (4) Tremor‐rich signal close to ice cauldrons occurred on 3 September. This study demonstrates the power of the SARA methodology, provided robust site amplification; Quality Factors and seismic velocities are available. Plain Language Summary Locating earthquakes usually implies picking phase arrivals (P and S waves). Another technique called Seismic Amplitude Ratio Analysis (SARA) was recently introduced to locate them only by using the amplitude recorded at different pairs of seismic stations. However, this technique was never proven to be true. This study shows that the earthquake locations derived by SARA compares remarkably well with the locations of 30,000 seismic events triggered when magma migrated in the Icelandic crust prior to the 2014–2015 Holuhraun eruption. But the results also provide new insight into the magma dynamics that led to the largest eruption of the last two centuries in Europe. We show that ground vibration was continuously triggered during the 2 week period preceding the eruption when magma forced its way toward the eruption site but also during the eruption itself. Several intriguing features were observed including low‐frequency vibrations possibly associated with eruption below the ice, or large patches of seismic activity when the magma stopped propagating toward the eruption site. This methodology performs very well, provided some parameters are available, and allows to gain insights into the complex dynamics associated with magma movements. 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Locating dikes and deciphering their dynamics is therefore of prime importance in understanding and potentially forecasting volcanic eruptions. The Seismic Amplitude Ratio Analysis (SARA) method aims to track melt propagation using the amplitudes recorded across a seismic network without picking the arrival times of individual earthquake phases. This study validates this methodology by comparing SARA locations (filtered between 2 and 16 Hz) with the earthquake locations (same frequency band) recorded during the 2014–2015 Bár ∂arbunga‐Holuhraun dike intrusion and eruption in Iceland. Integrating both approaches also provides the opportunity to investigate the spatiotemporal characteristics of magma migration during the dike intrusion and ensuing eruption. During the intrusion SARA locations correspond remarkably well to the locations of earthquakes. Several exceptions are, however, observed. (1) A low‐frequency signal was possibly associated with a subglacial eruption on 23 August. (2) A systematic retreat of the seismicity was also observed to the back of each active segment during stalled phases and was associated with a larger spatial extent of the seismic energy source. This behavior may be controlled by the dike's shape and/or by dike inflation. (3) During the eruption SARA locations consistently focused at the eruptive site. (4) Tremor‐rich signal close to ice cauldrons occurred on 3 September. This study demonstrates the power of the SARA methodology, provided robust site amplification; Quality Factors and seismic velocities are available. Plain Language Summary Locating earthquakes usually implies picking phase arrivals (P and S waves). Another technique called Seismic Amplitude Ratio Analysis (SARA) was recently introduced to locate them only by using the amplitude recorded at different pairs of seismic stations. However, this technique was never proven to be true. This study shows that the earthquake locations derived by SARA compares remarkably well with the locations of 30,000 seismic events triggered when magma migrated in the Icelandic crust prior to the 2014–2015 Holuhraun eruption. But the results also provide new insight into the magma dynamics that led to the largest eruption of the last two centuries in Europe. We show that ground vibration was continuously triggered during the 2 week period preceding the eruption when magma forced its way toward the eruption site but also during the eruption itself. Several intriguing features were observed including low‐frequency vibrations possibly associated with eruption below the ice, or large patches of seismic activity when the magma stopped propagating toward the eruption site. This methodology performs very well, provided some parameters are available, and allows to gain insights into the complex dynamics associated with magma movements. 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subjects Amplitude
Bardarbunga‐Holuhraun
dike propagation
Dikes
Dynamics
Earth
Earth surface
Earthquakes
Embankments
Energy sources
Geophysics
Ground motion
Lava
Locating
Locations (working)
Magma
magma migration
Methodology
Migration
monitoring
Propagation
Rock intrusions
S waves
Seismic activity
Seismic analysis
Seismic energy
Seismic energy sources
Seismic engineering
Seismic response
Seismic velocities
Seismicity
seismology
Sills
Spatial analysis
Tracking
Vibration
Vibrations
Volcanic activity
Volcanic eruptions
volcanology
title Seismic Amplitude Ratio Analysis of the 2014–2015 Bár ∂arbunga‐Holuhraun Dike Propagation and Eruption
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