Pulmonary Toxicity of Benzalkonium Chloride
The available toxicity data of benzalkonium chloride (BKC) clearly shows that it is toxic; however, the weight of evidence favors the view that at doses encountered in nasally and orally inhaled pharmaceutical preparations it is well tolerated. The adverse toxicological data predominantly come from...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of aerosol medicine 2018-02, Vol.31 (1), p.1-17 |
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| creator | Johnson, Neil F |
| description | The available toxicity data of benzalkonium chloride (BKC) clearly shows that it is toxic; however, the weight of evidence favors the view that at doses encountered in nasally and orally inhaled pharmaceutical preparations it is well tolerated. The adverse toxicological data predominantly come from in vitro and animal studies in which doses and exposure periods employed were excessive in relation to the clinical doses and their posology and, therefore, not directly applicable to the clinic. The conflict between the in vitro and animal data and the clinical experience can be reconciled by understanding some of the physicochemical properties of BKC, the nasal and respiratory tract microenvironments, the doses used, and the posology. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1089/jamp.2017.1390 |
| format | Article |
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The adverse toxicological data predominantly come from in vitro and animal studies in which doses and exposure periods employed were excessive in relation to the clinical doses and their posology and, therefore, not directly applicable to the clinic. The conflict between the in vitro and animal data and the clinical experience can be reconciled by understanding some of the physicochemical properties of BKC, the nasal and respiratory tract microenvironments, the doses used, and the posology.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1941-2711</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1941-2703</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2017.1390</identifier><identifier>PMID: 28683210</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Mary Ann Liebert, Inc</publisher><subject>Administration, Inhalation ; Alcohol ; Animals ; Antimicrobial agents ; Asthma ; Benzalkonium chloride ; Benzalkonium Compounds - administration & dosage ; Benzalkonium Compounds - toxicity ; Chloride ; Chlorides ; Cornea ; Cytotoxicity ; Humans ; Microenvironments ; Nasal Mucosa - metabolism ; Physicochemical properties ; Polyamines ; Preservatives, Pharmaceutical - administration & dosage ; Preservatives, Pharmaceutical - toxicity ; Proteins ; Respiratory System - drug effects ; Respiratory System - metabolism ; Respiratory tract ; Studies ; Toxicity ; Toxicology</subject><ispartof>Journal of aerosol medicine, 2018-02, Vol.31 (1), p.1-17</ispartof><rights>(©) Copyright 2018, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c323t-20ea991a102b81fc525a06eb31ac9a13489c2c6b4a90ddcaacbc98ddc9d282a93</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c323t-20ea991a102b81fc525a06eb31ac9a13489c2c6b4a90ddcaacbc98ddc9d282a93</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,27903,27904</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28683210$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Johnson, Neil F</creatorcontrib><title>Pulmonary Toxicity of Benzalkonium Chloride</title><title>Journal of aerosol medicine</title><addtitle>J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv</addtitle><description>The available toxicity data of benzalkonium chloride (BKC) clearly shows that it is toxic; however, the weight of evidence favors the view that at doses encountered in nasally and orally inhaled pharmaceutical preparations it is well tolerated. The adverse toxicological data predominantly come from in vitro and animal studies in which doses and exposure periods employed were excessive in relation to the clinical doses and their posology and, therefore, not directly applicable to the clinic. The conflict between the in vitro and animal data and the clinical experience can be reconciled by understanding some of the physicochemical properties of BKC, the nasal and respiratory tract microenvironments, the doses used, and the posology.</description><subject>Administration, Inhalation</subject><subject>Alcohol</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Antimicrobial agents</subject><subject>Asthma</subject><subject>Benzalkonium chloride</subject><subject>Benzalkonium Compounds - administration & dosage</subject><subject>Benzalkonium Compounds - toxicity</subject><subject>Chloride</subject><subject>Chlorides</subject><subject>Cornea</subject><subject>Cytotoxicity</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Microenvironments</subject><subject>Nasal Mucosa - metabolism</subject><subject>Physicochemical properties</subject><subject>Polyamines</subject><subject>Preservatives, Pharmaceutical - administration & dosage</subject><subject>Preservatives, Pharmaceutical - toxicity</subject><subject>Proteins</subject><subject>Respiratory System - drug effects</subject><subject>Respiratory System - metabolism</subject><subject>Respiratory tract</subject><subject>Studies</subject><subject>Toxicity</subject><subject>Toxicology</subject><issn>1941-2711</issn><issn>1941-2703</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2018</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><recordid>eNo9kD1PwzAQhi0EoqWwMqJIjCjhzk4Te4SKL6kSDGW2Lo4jUpI4OI3U8utJ1NLp3uG593QPY9cIEYJU92uq24gDphEKBSdsiirGkKcgTo8ZccIuum4NkGCciHM24TKRgiNM2d1HX9WuIb8LVm5bmnKzC1wRPNrml6pv15R9HSy-KufL3F6ys4Kqzl4d5ox9Pj-tFq_h8v3lbfGwDI3gYhNysKQUEgLPJBZmzucEic0EklGEIpbKcJNkMSnIc0NkMqPkkFTOJSclZux239t699PbbqPXrvfNcFKjUgJjKZJ0oKI9ZbzrOm8L3fqyHh7RCHp0o0c3enSjRzfDws2hts9qmx_xfxniD-cEX0c</recordid><startdate>201802</startdate><enddate>201802</enddate><creator>Johnson, Neil F</creator><general>Mary Ann Liebert, Inc</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope></search><sort><creationdate>201802</creationdate><title>Pulmonary Toxicity of Benzalkonium Chloride</title><author>Johnson, Neil F</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c323t-20ea991a102b81fc525a06eb31ac9a13489c2c6b4a90ddcaacbc98ddc9d282a93</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2018</creationdate><topic>Administration, Inhalation</topic><topic>Alcohol</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Antimicrobial agents</topic><topic>Asthma</topic><topic>Benzalkonium chloride</topic><topic>Benzalkonium Compounds - administration & dosage</topic><topic>Benzalkonium Compounds - toxicity</topic><topic>Chloride</topic><topic>Chlorides</topic><topic>Cornea</topic><topic>Cytotoxicity</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Microenvironments</topic><topic>Nasal Mucosa - metabolism</topic><topic>Physicochemical properties</topic><topic>Polyamines</topic><topic>Preservatives, Pharmaceutical - administration & dosage</topic><topic>Preservatives, Pharmaceutical - toxicity</topic><topic>Proteins</topic><topic>Respiratory System - drug effects</topic><topic>Respiratory System - metabolism</topic><topic>Respiratory tract</topic><topic>Studies</topic><topic>Toxicity</topic><topic>Toxicology</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Johnson, Neil F</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Immunology Abstracts</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><jtitle>Journal of aerosol medicine</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Johnson, Neil F</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Pulmonary Toxicity of Benzalkonium Chloride</atitle><jtitle>Journal of aerosol medicine</jtitle><addtitle>J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv</addtitle><date>2018-02</date><risdate>2018</risdate><volume>31</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>1</spage><epage>17</epage><pages>1-17</pages><issn>1941-2711</issn><eissn>1941-2703</eissn><abstract>The available toxicity data of benzalkonium chloride (BKC) clearly shows that it is toxic; however, the weight of evidence favors the view that at doses encountered in nasally and orally inhaled pharmaceutical preparations it is well tolerated. 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| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 1941-2711 |
| ispartof | Journal of aerosol medicine, 2018-02, Vol.31 (1), p.1-17 |
| issn | 1941-2711 1941-2703 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_proquest_journals_1993148367 |
| source | MEDLINE; Alma/SFX Local Collection |
| subjects | Administration, Inhalation Alcohol Animals Antimicrobial agents Asthma Benzalkonium chloride Benzalkonium Compounds - administration & dosage Benzalkonium Compounds - toxicity Chloride Chlorides Cornea Cytotoxicity Humans Microenvironments Nasal Mucosa - metabolism Physicochemical properties Polyamines Preservatives, Pharmaceutical - administration & dosage Preservatives, Pharmaceutical - toxicity Proteins Respiratory System - drug effects Respiratory System - metabolism Respiratory tract Studies Toxicity Toxicology |
| title | Pulmonary Toxicity of Benzalkonium Chloride |
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