Biology of Amaranths
Amaranthus, a cosmopolitan genus including endangered species, restricted endemics and widespread weeds, is often difficult to characterize taxonomically and thus has generally been considered by systematists as a "difficult" genus. Species in this genus have high genetic variability, with...
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description | Amaranthus, a cosmopolitan genus including endangered species, restricted endemics and widespread weeds, is often difficult to characterize taxonomically and thus has generally been considered by systematists as a "difficult" genus. Species in this genus have high genetic variability, with diversity in growth form, plant height, number of inflorescences, seed colour, protein content, seed yield, resistance to pests and diseases, and adaptation to soil type, pH, climate, rainfall and day-length. The combination of various anatomical characteristics of Amaranthus, such as Kranz anatomy, well developed root system, stomatal conductance, and maintenance of leaf area, results in increased efficiency of using CO₂ under a wide range of temperatures, and higher light intensity and moisture stress environments which enables this plant to adapt under diverse geographic and environmental conditions. Buried seeds of Amaranthus constitute an important part of the soil seed bank and position, distribution and dormancy type of these seeds in the soil play an important role in their germination and subsequent emergence, which is further influenced by factors like temperature, soil moisture, and light availability. The current review highlights the positive as well as negative role of the various species of genus Amaranthus. Many species of the genus are medicinally important and bear antiallergic, anticancer, antihypertensive and antioxidant properties, thus being used in the treatment of several aliments. Amaranthus being a rich source of fatty acids, proteins, micronutrients, vitamins and squalene, are used as cereals, dye plants, forages, medicinal plants, ornamentals, and as vegetables. However some of the Amaranthus species are noxious weeds which are known to compete with many economic crops in different parts of the world and cause great yield losses. Thus, further research is warranted to strike a balance between the beneficial and harmful species of this Pseudocereal. Moreover, understanding the weedy behaviour of these plants would provide valuable information for improving our mechanistic models of crop-weed competition and weed population dynamics. |
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Species in this genus have high genetic variability, with diversity in growth form, plant height, number of inflorescences, seed colour, protein content, seed yield, resistance to pests and diseases, and adaptation to soil type, pH, climate, rainfall and day-length. The combination of various anatomical characteristics of Amaranthus, such as Kranz anatomy, well developed root system, stomatal conductance, and maintenance of leaf area, results in increased efficiency of using CO₂ under a wide range of temperatures, and higher light intensity and moisture stress environments which enables this plant to adapt under diverse geographic and environmental conditions. Buried seeds of Amaranthus constitute an important part of the soil seed bank and position, distribution and dormancy type of these seeds in the soil play an important role in their germination and subsequent emergence, which is further influenced by factors like temperature, soil moisture, and light availability. The current review highlights the positive as well as negative role of the various species of genus Amaranthus. Many species of the genus are medicinally important and bear antiallergic, anticancer, antihypertensive and antioxidant properties, thus being used in the treatment of several aliments. Amaranthus being a rich source of fatty acids, proteins, micronutrients, vitamins and squalene, are used as cereals, dye plants, forages, medicinal plants, ornamentals, and as vegetables. However some of the Amaranthus species are noxious weeds which are known to compete with many economic crops in different parts of the world and cause great yield losses. Thus, further research is warranted to strike a balance between the beneficial and harmful species of this Pseudocereal. Moreover, understanding the weedy behaviour of these plants would provide valuable information for improving our mechanistic models of crop-weed competition and weed population dynamics.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0006-8101</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1874-9372</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s12229-017-9194-1</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>New York: Springer Science and Business Media</publisher><subject>Amaranthaceae ; Amaranthus ; Anticancer properties ; Antihypertensives ; Antioxidants ; Biodiversity ; Biomedical and Life Sciences ; Buried seeds ; Carbon dioxide ; Cereals ; Company distribution practices ; Conductance ; Crop yield ; Distribution ; Dormancy ; Endangered species ; Environmental conditions ; Fatty acids ; Forage ; Genetic diversity ; Genetic variability ; Germination ; Leaf area ; Life Sciences ; Light intensity ; Luminous intensity ; Medicinal plants ; Micronutrients ; Moisture stress ; Natural history ; Nutrient content ; Ornamental plants ; Pests ; pH effects ; Plant Anatomy/Development ; Plant Ecology ; Plant Physiology ; Plant Sciences ; Plant Systematics/Taxonomy/Biogeography ; Plants (botany) ; Population dynamics ; Proteins ; Rainfall ; Resistance ; Seed banks ; Seeds ; Soil moisture ; Soil temperature ; Soil types ; Stomata ; Stomatal conductance ; Vegetables ; Vitamins ; Weeds</subject><ispartof>The Botanical review, 2017-12, Vol.83 (4), p.382-436</ispartof><rights>2017 The New Botanical Garden</rights><rights>The New York Botanical Garden 2017</rights><rights>COPYRIGHT 2017 New York Botanical Garden</rights><rights>COPYRIGHT 2017 New York Botanical Garden</rights><rights>The Botanical Review is a copyright of Springer, (2017). All Rights Reserved.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c591t-8b667aa87a767693712428660690cdae7ea77a5f3d2da856c5ee166ca4e27bb63</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c591t-8b667aa87a767693712428660690cdae7ea77a5f3d2da856c5ee166ca4e27bb63</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/45212038$$EPDF$$P50$$Gjstor$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/45212038$$EHTML$$P50$$Gjstor$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,803,27924,27925,41488,42557,51319,58017,58250</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Assad, Rezwana</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Reshi, Zafar A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jan, Snober</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rashid, Irfan</creatorcontrib><title>Biology of Amaranths</title><title>The Botanical review</title><addtitle>Bot. Rev</addtitle><addtitle>Botanical Review</addtitle><description>Amaranthus, a cosmopolitan genus including endangered species, restricted endemics and widespread weeds, is often difficult to characterize taxonomically and thus has generally been considered by systematists as a "difficult" genus. Species in this genus have high genetic variability, with diversity in growth form, plant height, number of inflorescences, seed colour, protein content, seed yield, resistance to pests and diseases, and adaptation to soil type, pH, climate, rainfall and day-length. The combination of various anatomical characteristics of Amaranthus, such as Kranz anatomy, well developed root system, stomatal conductance, and maintenance of leaf area, results in increased efficiency of using CO₂ under a wide range of temperatures, and higher light intensity and moisture stress environments which enables this plant to adapt under diverse geographic and environmental conditions. Buried seeds of Amaranthus constitute an important part of the soil seed bank and position, distribution and dormancy type of these seeds in the soil play an important role in their germination and subsequent emergence, which is further influenced by factors like temperature, soil moisture, and light availability. The current review highlights the positive as well as negative role of the various species of genus Amaranthus. Many species of the genus are medicinally important and bear antiallergic, anticancer, antihypertensive and antioxidant properties, thus being used in the treatment of several aliments. Amaranthus being a rich source of fatty acids, proteins, micronutrients, vitamins and squalene, are used as cereals, dye plants, forages, medicinal plants, ornamentals, and as vegetables. However some of the Amaranthus species are noxious weeds which are known to compete with many economic crops in different parts of the world and cause great yield losses. Thus, further research is warranted to strike a balance between the beneficial and harmful species of this Pseudocereal. Moreover, understanding the weedy behaviour of these plants would provide valuable information for improving our mechanistic models of crop-weed competition and weed population dynamics.</description><subject>Amaranthaceae</subject><subject>Amaranthus</subject><subject>Anticancer properties</subject><subject>Antihypertensives</subject><subject>Antioxidants</subject><subject>Biodiversity</subject><subject>Biomedical and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Buried seeds</subject><subject>Carbon dioxide</subject><subject>Cereals</subject><subject>Company distribution practices</subject><subject>Conductance</subject><subject>Crop yield</subject><subject>Distribution</subject><subject>Dormancy</subject><subject>Endangered species</subject><subject>Environmental conditions</subject><subject>Fatty acids</subject><subject>Forage</subject><subject>Genetic diversity</subject><subject>Genetic variability</subject><subject>Germination</subject><subject>Leaf area</subject><subject>Life Sciences</subject><subject>Light intensity</subject><subject>Luminous intensity</subject><subject>Medicinal plants</subject><subject>Micronutrients</subject><subject>Moisture stress</subject><subject>Natural history</subject><subject>Nutrient content</subject><subject>Ornamental plants</subject><subject>Pests</subject><subject>pH effects</subject><subject>Plant Anatomy/Development</subject><subject>Plant Ecology</subject><subject>Plant Physiology</subject><subject>Plant Sciences</subject><subject>Plant Systematics/Taxonomy/Biogeography</subject><subject>Plants (botany)</subject><subject>Population dynamics</subject><subject>Proteins</subject><subject>Rainfall</subject><subject>Resistance</subject><subject>Seed banks</subject><subject>Seeds</subject><subject>Soil moisture</subject><subject>Soil temperature</subject><subject>Soil types</subject><subject>Stomata</subject><subject>Stomatal conductance</subject><subject>Vegetables</subject><subject>Vitamins</subject><subject>Weeds</subject><issn>0006-8101</issn><issn>1874-9372</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2017</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>8G5</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><sourceid>GUQSH</sourceid><sourceid>M2O</sourceid><recordid>eNqVkktLAzEURoMoWB87N-4EceEimpuZyWNZiy8oCj7WIU3vjFOmE02mYP-9kRG0UETJIhDOyeXyfYQcAjsDxuR5BM65pgwk1aBzChtkAErmVGeSb5IBY0xQBQy2yU6MM8YAtFQDcnBR-8ZXyyNfHg3nNti2e4l7ZKu0TcT9r3uXPF9dPo1u6Pj--nY0HFNXaOiomgghrVXSSiFFGgQ850oIJjRzU4sSrZS2KLMpn1pVCFcgghDO5sjlZCKyXXLc__sa_NsCY2dmfhHaNNKAFkrnwLj6pirboKnb0nfBunkdnRkWnDORgeaJomuoClsMtvEtlnV6XuHP1vDpTHFeu7XC6YqQmA7fu8ouYjS3jw__YO_-zKrr8W9LfrHONw1WaFI4o_tVHnreBR9jwNK8hjqlvDTAzGdvTN8bk3pjPntjIDm8d2Ji2wrDj1B-kU56aRY7H35O4VkS8oIDZ5nKPgCXuseG</recordid><startdate>20171201</startdate><enddate>20171201</enddate><creator>Assad, Rezwana</creator><creator>Reshi, Zafar A.</creator><creator>Jan, Snober</creator><creator>Rashid, Irfan</creator><general>Springer Science and Business Media</general><general>Springer US</general><general>New York Botanical Garden</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>8GL</scope><scope>ISN</scope><scope>ISR</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7X2</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88A</scope><scope>88I</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>8G5</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>GUQSH</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0K</scope><scope>M2O</scope><scope>M2P</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>MBDVC</scope><scope>PADUT</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>R05</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20171201</creationdate><title>Biology of Amaranths</title><author>Assad, Rezwana ; Reshi, Zafar A. ; Jan, Snober ; Rashid, Irfan</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c591t-8b667aa87a767693712428660690cdae7ea77a5f3d2da856c5ee166ca4e27bb63</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2017</creationdate><topic>Amaranthaceae</topic><topic>Amaranthus</topic><topic>Anticancer properties</topic><topic>Antihypertensives</topic><topic>Antioxidants</topic><topic>Biodiversity</topic><topic>Biomedical and Life Sciences</topic><topic>Buried seeds</topic><topic>Carbon dioxide</topic><topic>Cereals</topic><topic>Company distribution practices</topic><topic>Conductance</topic><topic>Crop yield</topic><topic>Distribution</topic><topic>Dormancy</topic><topic>Endangered species</topic><topic>Environmental conditions</topic><topic>Fatty acids</topic><topic>Forage</topic><topic>Genetic diversity</topic><topic>Genetic variability</topic><topic>Germination</topic><topic>Leaf area</topic><topic>Life Sciences</topic><topic>Light intensity</topic><topic>Luminous intensity</topic><topic>Medicinal plants</topic><topic>Micronutrients</topic><topic>Moisture stress</topic><topic>Natural history</topic><topic>Nutrient content</topic><topic>Ornamental plants</topic><topic>Pests</topic><topic>pH effects</topic><topic>Plant Anatomy/Development</topic><topic>Plant Ecology</topic><topic>Plant Physiology</topic><topic>Plant Sciences</topic><topic>Plant Systematics/Taxonomy/Biogeography</topic><topic>Plants (botany)</topic><topic>Population dynamics</topic><topic>Proteins</topic><topic>Rainfall</topic><topic>Resistance</topic><topic>Seed banks</topic><topic>Seeds</topic><topic>Soil moisture</topic><topic>Soil temperature</topic><topic>Soil types</topic><topic>Stomata</topic><topic>Stomatal conductance</topic><topic>Vegetables</topic><topic>Vitamins</topic><topic>Weeds</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Assad, Rezwana</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Reshi, Zafar A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jan, Snober</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rashid, Irfan</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Gale In Context: High School</collection><collection>Gale In Context: Canada</collection><collection>Gale In Context: Science</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Agricultural Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Biology Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Science Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Research Library (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>Research Library Prep</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>Agricultural Science Database</collection><collection>Research Library</collection><collection>Science Database</collection><collection>Biological Science Database</collection><collection>Research Library (Corporate)</collection><collection>Research Library China</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><collection>University of Michigan</collection><jtitle>The Botanical review</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Assad, Rezwana</au><au>Reshi, Zafar A.</au><au>Jan, Snober</au><au>Rashid, Irfan</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Biology of Amaranths</atitle><jtitle>The Botanical review</jtitle><stitle>Bot. Rev</stitle><addtitle>Botanical Review</addtitle><date>2017-12-01</date><risdate>2017</risdate><volume>83</volume><issue>4</issue><spage>382</spage><epage>436</epage><pages>382-436</pages><issn>0006-8101</issn><eissn>1874-9372</eissn><abstract>Amaranthus, a cosmopolitan genus including endangered species, restricted endemics and widespread weeds, is often difficult to characterize taxonomically and thus has generally been considered by systematists as a "difficult" genus. Species in this genus have high genetic variability, with diversity in growth form, plant height, number of inflorescences, seed colour, protein content, seed yield, resistance to pests and diseases, and adaptation to soil type, pH, climate, rainfall and day-length. The combination of various anatomical characteristics of Amaranthus, such as Kranz anatomy, well developed root system, stomatal conductance, and maintenance of leaf area, results in increased efficiency of using CO₂ under a wide range of temperatures, and higher light intensity and moisture stress environments which enables this plant to adapt under diverse geographic and environmental conditions. Buried seeds of Amaranthus constitute an important part of the soil seed bank and position, distribution and dormancy type of these seeds in the soil play an important role in their germination and subsequent emergence, which is further influenced by factors like temperature, soil moisture, and light availability. The current review highlights the positive as well as negative role of the various species of genus Amaranthus. Many species of the genus are medicinally important and bear antiallergic, anticancer, antihypertensive and antioxidant properties, thus being used in the treatment of several aliments. Amaranthus being a rich source of fatty acids, proteins, micronutrients, vitamins and squalene, are used as cereals, dye plants, forages, medicinal plants, ornamentals, and as vegetables. However some of the Amaranthus species are noxious weeds which are known to compete with many economic crops in different parts of the world and cause great yield losses. Thus, further research is warranted to strike a balance between the beneficial and harmful species of this Pseudocereal. Moreover, understanding the weedy behaviour of these plants would provide valuable information for improving our mechanistic models of crop-weed competition and weed population dynamics.</abstract><cop>New York</cop><pub>Springer Science and Business Media</pub><doi>10.1007/s12229-017-9194-1</doi><tpages>55</tpages></addata></record> |
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subjects | Amaranthaceae Amaranthus Anticancer properties Antihypertensives Antioxidants Biodiversity Biomedical and Life Sciences Buried seeds Carbon dioxide Cereals Company distribution practices Conductance Crop yield Distribution Dormancy Endangered species Environmental conditions Fatty acids Forage Genetic diversity Genetic variability Germination Leaf area Life Sciences Light intensity Luminous intensity Medicinal plants Micronutrients Moisture stress Natural history Nutrient content Ornamental plants Pests pH effects Plant Anatomy/Development Plant Ecology Plant Physiology Plant Sciences Plant Systematics/Taxonomy/Biogeography Plants (botany) Population dynamics Proteins Rainfall Resistance Seed banks Seeds Soil moisture Soil temperature Soil types Stomata Stomatal conductance Vegetables Vitamins Weeds |
title | Biology of Amaranths |
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