Hydrodynamic instability and self-organization of a submicron relief on metal surfaces upon femtosecond laser exposure in liquids

Multishot exposure of nickel and iron surfaces by loosely focused femtosecond laser pulses in isopropyl alcohol resulted in quasi-regular arrays of submicron spikes and other intermediate self-organized structures. Such self-organized surface relief is considered to be formed via hydrodynamic instab...

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