Transforming the Nation? The Bolivarian Education Reform in Venezuela

The Chávez government introduced a ‘Bolivarian’ national curriculum to promote radically different understandings of Venezuelan history and identity. We place the fate of this reform initiative within the broader study of state formation and nationalism. Scholars have long identified mass schooling...

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Veröffentlicht in:Journal of Latin American studies 2017-11, Vol.49 (4), p.885-916
Hauptverfasser: ABBOTT, JARED A., SOIFER, HILLEL DAVID, VOM HAU, MATTHIAS
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SOIFER, HILLEL DAVID
VOM HAU, MATTHIAS
description The Chávez government introduced a ‘Bolivarian’ national curriculum to promote radically different understandings of Venezuelan history and identity. We place the fate of this reform initiative within the broader study of state formation and nationalism. Scholars have long identified mass schooling as the key institution for socialising citizens and cultivating national loyalties, and many states have attempted to alter the nationalist content of schooling with these ends in mind. Venezuela constitutes an ideal case for identifying the specific conditions under which transformations of official national ideologies do and do not gain broader resonance. Using evidence derived from textbook analysis and semi-structured interviews with educational officials and teachers in Caracas, we highlight a new argument, showing that intrastate tensions between the central government and teachers, heightened by a well-established cultural machinery and by teachers’ increasing exclusion from the Chavista political coalition, explain the limited success in government efforts to implement Bolivarian nationalism through the school curriculum. El gobierno de Chávez introdujo un currículum nacional ‘bolivariano’ para promover un entendimiento radicalmente diferente de la historia e identidad de Venezuela. Ubicamos esta iniciativa de reforma al interior del análisis más amplio de la formación estatal y del nacionalismo. Estudios académicos han identificado desde hace mucho a la escolarización de masas como la institución clave para socializar a los ciudadanos y cultivar lealtades nacionales, por lo que muchos estados han intentado alterar el contenido nacionalista de la enseñanza teniendo esto en mente. Venezuela constituye un caso ideal para identificar las condiciones específicas bajo las cuales las transformaciones oficiales de ideologías nacionales ganan, o no, una mayor resonancia. Utilizando evidencias a partir del análisis de libros de texto y entrevistas semiestructuradas con funcionarios de la educación y maestros en Caracas, mostramos que las tensiones intraestatales entre el gobierno central y los maestros (que se refuerzan por una maquinaria cultural bien establecida y por la creciente exclusión de profesores de la coalición política chavista), explican el limitado éxito de los esfuerzos gubernamentales por implementar el nacionalismo bolivariano a través del currículum escolar. O governo de Hugo Chávez introduziu um currículo nacional ‘bolivariano’ visando promover
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Venezuela constitutes an ideal case for identifying the specific conditions under which transformations of official national ideologies do and do not gain broader resonance. Using evidence derived from textbook analysis and semi-structured interviews with educational officials and teachers in Caracas, we highlight a new argument, showing that intrastate tensions between the central government and teachers, heightened by a well-established cultural machinery and by teachers’ increasing exclusion from the Chavista political coalition, explain the limited success in government efforts to implement Bolivarian nationalism through the school curriculum. El gobierno de Chávez introdujo un currículum nacional ‘bolivariano’ para promover un entendimiento radicalmente diferente de la historia e identidad de Venezuela. Ubicamos esta iniciativa de reforma al interior del análisis más amplio de la formación estatal y del nacionalismo. Estudios académicos han identificado desde hace mucho a la escolarización de masas como la institución clave para socializar a los ciudadanos y cultivar lealtades nacionales, por lo que muchos estados han intentado alterar el contenido nacionalista de la enseñanza teniendo esto en mente. Venezuela constituye un caso ideal para identificar las condiciones específicas bajo las cuales las transformaciones oficiales de ideologías nacionales ganan, o no, una mayor resonancia. Utilizando evidencias a partir del análisis de libros de texto y entrevistas semiestructuradas con funcionarios de la educación y maestros en Caracas, mostramos que las tensiones intraestatales entre el gobierno central y los maestros (que se refuerzan por una maquinaria cultural bien establecida y por la creciente exclusión de profesores de la coalición política chavista), explican el limitado éxito de los esfuerzos gubernamentales por implementar el nacionalismo bolivariano a través del currículum escolar. 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A partir de evidências obtidas em análises de livros didáticos e entrevistas semiestruturadas com funcionários públicos da educação e professores de Caracas, levantamos um novo argumento que mostra que tensões dentro do Estado entre o governo central e professores, aumentadas por uma máquina cultural bem estabelecida e pela crescente exclusão dos professores da coalizão política chavista, explicam o sucesso limitado dos esforços do governo em implementar um nacionalismo bolivariano através do currículo escolar.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0022-216X</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1469-767X</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1017/S0022216X17000402</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press</publisher><subject>Alliances ; Central government ; Citizens ; Civil society ; Cultural identity ; Curricula ; Dictators ; Education policy ; Education reform ; Identity ; Ideology ; Intellectuals ; Multiculturalism &amp; pluralism ; Nation building ; National curriculum ; National identity ; Nationalism ; Pedagogy ; Politics ; Professional identity ; Public officials ; Radicalism ; School districts ; State formation ; Teachers ; Textbooks</subject><ispartof>Journal of Latin American studies, 2017-11, Vol.49 (4), p.885-916</ispartof><rights>Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2017</rights><rights>Cambridge University Press 2017</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c382t-a4658ceed0e81bbfdd777af0a48d617e957edd9f2cb3e39521bda2273ecd58693</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c382t-a4658ceed0e81bbfdd777af0a48d617e957edd9f2cb3e39521bda2273ecd58693</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/26799306$$EPDF$$P50$$Gjstor$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0022216X17000402/type/journal_article$$EHTML$$P50$$Gcambridge$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>164,314,780,784,803,12845,27344,27866,27924,27925,33774,55628,58017,58250</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>ABBOTT, JARED A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>SOIFER, HILLEL DAVID</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>VOM HAU, MATTHIAS</creatorcontrib><title>Transforming the Nation? The Bolivarian Education Reform in Venezuela</title><title>Journal of Latin American studies</title><addtitle>J. Lat. Am. Stud</addtitle><description>The Chávez government introduced a ‘Bolivarian’ national curriculum to promote radically different understandings of Venezuelan history and identity. We place the fate of this reform initiative within the broader study of state formation and nationalism. Scholars have long identified mass schooling as the key institution for socialising citizens and cultivating national loyalties, and many states have attempted to alter the nationalist content of schooling with these ends in mind. Venezuela constitutes an ideal case for identifying the specific conditions under which transformations of official national ideologies do and do not gain broader resonance. Using evidence derived from textbook analysis and semi-structured interviews with educational officials and teachers in Caracas, we highlight a new argument, showing that intrastate tensions between the central government and teachers, heightened by a well-established cultural machinery and by teachers’ increasing exclusion from the Chavista political coalition, explain the limited success in government efforts to implement Bolivarian nationalism through the school curriculum. El gobierno de Chávez introdujo un currículum nacional ‘bolivariano’ para promover un entendimiento radicalmente diferente de la historia e identidad de Venezuela. Ubicamos esta iniciativa de reforma al interior del análisis más amplio de la formación estatal y del nacionalismo. 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O governo de Hugo Chávez introduziu um currículo nacional ‘bolivariano’ visando promover uma compreensão radicalmente diferente da história e identidade venezuelanas. Nós analisamos essa iniciativa de reforma no contexto mais amplo do estudo de formação do Estado e do nacionalismo. Estudiosos já identificaram há tempo que a educação de massas é a instituição-chave para a socialização de cidadãos e a promoção de lealdades nacionais. Deste modo, muitos Estados têm buscado alterar o conteúdo nacionalista da educação escolar com estes fins em mente. A Venezuela representa um caso ideal para a identificação das condições específicas sob as quais as transformações de ideologias nacionais oficiais ganham ou não maior ressonância. A partir de evidências obtidas em análises de livros didáticos e entrevistas semiestruturadas com funcionários públicos da educação e professores de Caracas, levantamos um novo argumento que mostra que tensões dentro do Estado entre o governo central e professores, aumentadas por uma máquina cultural bem estabelecida e pela crescente exclusão dos professores da coalizão política chavista, explicam o sucesso limitado dos esforços do governo em implementar um nacionalismo bolivariano através do currículo escolar.</description><subject>Alliances</subject><subject>Central government</subject><subject>Citizens</subject><subject>Civil society</subject><subject>Cultural identity</subject><subject>Curricula</subject><subject>Dictators</subject><subject>Education policy</subject><subject>Education reform</subject><subject>Identity</subject><subject>Ideology</subject><subject>Intellectuals</subject><subject>Multiculturalism &amp; pluralism</subject><subject>Nation building</subject><subject>National curriculum</subject><subject>National identity</subject><subject>Nationalism</subject><subject>Pedagogy</subject><subject>Politics</subject><subject>Professional identity</subject><subject>Public officials</subject><subject>Radicalism</subject><subject>School districts</subject><subject>State formation</subject><subject>Teachers</subject><subject>Textbooks</subject><issn>0022-216X</issn><issn>1469-767X</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2017</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>7TQ</sourceid><sourceid>7UB</sourceid><sourceid>8G5</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AIMQZ</sourceid><sourceid>AVQMV</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>BHHNA</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><sourceid>GUQSH</sourceid><sourceid>K50</sourceid><sourceid>M1D</sourceid><sourceid>M2O</sourceid><sourceid>PQHSC</sourceid><recordid>eNp1kEtLw0AUhQdRsFZ_gAsh4Dp655GZzEq01AcUBa3SXZhkbuqUNqkziaC_3sQWEcTVvXC-cw4cQo4pnFGg6vwJgDFG5YwqABDAdsiACqljJdVslwx6Oe71fXIQwqJjdCJgQMZTb6pQ1n7lqnnUvGJ0bxpXVxfRtPuv6qV7N96ZKhrbtvhWokfs8chV0QtW-Nni0hySvdIsAx5t75A8X4-no9t48nBzN7qcxAVPWRMbIZO0QLSAKc3z0lqllCnBiNRKqlAnCq3VJStyjlwnjObWMKY4FjZJpeZDcrrJXfv6rcXQZIu69VVXmVEtNIAUQDuKbqjC1yF4LLO1dyvjPzIKWb9W9metznOy8SxCU_sfA5NKaw6y0_k206xy7-wcf1X_m_oFcXZ1xA</recordid><startdate>201711</startdate><enddate>201711</enddate><creator>ABBOTT, JARED A.</creator><creator>SOIFER, HILLEL DAVID</creator><creator>VOM HAU, MATTHIAS</creator><general>Cambridge University Press</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>0-V</scope><scope>0U~</scope><scope>1-H</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7TQ</scope><scope>7U4</scope><scope>7UB</scope><scope>7WY</scope><scope>7WZ</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>87Z</scope><scope>88J</scope><scope>89V</scope><scope>8BJ</scope><scope>8BY</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>8FL</scope><scope>8G5</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AIMQZ</scope><scope>ALSLI</scope><scope>AVQMV</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BEZIV</scope><scope>BHHNA</scope><scope>C18</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DHY</scope><scope>DON</scope><scope>DPSOV</scope><scope>DWI</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FQK</scope><scope>FRNLG</scope><scope>F~G</scope><scope>GB0</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>GUQSH</scope><scope>HEHIP</scope><scope>JBE</scope><scope>K50</scope><scope>K60</scope><scope>K6~</scope><scope>KC-</scope><scope>L.-</scope><scope>L.0</scope><scope>LIQON</scope><scope>M0C</scope><scope>M1D</scope><scope>M2L</scope><scope>M2O</scope><scope>M2R</scope><scope>M2S</scope><scope>MBDVC</scope><scope>PQBIZ</scope><scope>PQBZA</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQHSC</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>S0X</scope><scope>WZK</scope></search><sort><creationdate>201711</creationdate><title>Transforming the Nation? 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The Bolivarian Education Reform in Venezuela</atitle><jtitle>Journal of Latin American studies</jtitle><addtitle>J. Lat. Am. Stud</addtitle><date>2017-11</date><risdate>2017</risdate><volume>49</volume><issue>4</issue><spage>885</spage><epage>916</epage><pages>885-916</pages><issn>0022-216X</issn><eissn>1469-767X</eissn><abstract>The Chávez government introduced a ‘Bolivarian’ national curriculum to promote radically different understandings of Venezuelan history and identity. We place the fate of this reform initiative within the broader study of state formation and nationalism. Scholars have long identified mass schooling as the key institution for socialising citizens and cultivating national loyalties, and many states have attempted to alter the nationalist content of schooling with these ends in mind. Venezuela constitutes an ideal case for identifying the specific conditions under which transformations of official national ideologies do and do not gain broader resonance. Using evidence derived from textbook analysis and semi-structured interviews with educational officials and teachers in Caracas, we highlight a new argument, showing that intrastate tensions between the central government and teachers, heightened by a well-established cultural machinery and by teachers’ increasing exclusion from the Chavista political coalition, explain the limited success in government efforts to implement Bolivarian nationalism through the school curriculum. El gobierno de Chávez introdujo un currículum nacional ‘bolivariano’ para promover un entendimiento radicalmente diferente de la historia e identidad de Venezuela. Ubicamos esta iniciativa de reforma al interior del análisis más amplio de la formación estatal y del nacionalismo. Estudios académicos han identificado desde hace mucho a la escolarización de masas como la institución clave para socializar a los ciudadanos y cultivar lealtades nacionales, por lo que muchos estados han intentado alterar el contenido nacionalista de la enseñanza teniendo esto en mente. Venezuela constituye un caso ideal para identificar las condiciones específicas bajo las cuales las transformaciones oficiales de ideologías nacionales ganan, o no, una mayor resonancia. Utilizando evidencias a partir del análisis de libros de texto y entrevistas semiestructuradas con funcionarios de la educación y maestros en Caracas, mostramos que las tensiones intraestatales entre el gobierno central y los maestros (que se refuerzan por una maquinaria cultural bien establecida y por la creciente exclusión de profesores de la coalición política chavista), explican el limitado éxito de los esfuerzos gubernamentales por implementar el nacionalismo bolivariano a través del currículum escolar. O governo de Hugo Chávez introduziu um currículo nacional ‘bolivariano’ visando promover uma compreensão radicalmente diferente da história e identidade venezuelanas. Nós analisamos essa iniciativa de reforma no contexto mais amplo do estudo de formação do Estado e do nacionalismo. Estudiosos já identificaram há tempo que a educação de massas é a instituição-chave para a socialização de cidadãos e a promoção de lealdades nacionais. Deste modo, muitos Estados têm buscado alterar o conteúdo nacionalista da educação escolar com estes fins em mente. A Venezuela representa um caso ideal para a identificação das condições específicas sob as quais as transformações de ideologias nacionais oficiais ganham ou não maior ressonância. A partir de evidências obtidas em análises de livros didáticos e entrevistas semiestruturadas com funcionários públicos da educação e professores de Caracas, levantamos um novo argumento que mostra que tensões dentro do Estado entre o governo central e professores, aumentadas por uma máquina cultural bem estabelecida e pela crescente exclusão dos professores da coalizão política chavista, explicam o sucesso limitado dos esforços do governo em implementar um nacionalismo bolivariano através do currículo escolar.</abstract><cop>Cambridge, UK</cop><pub>Cambridge University Press</pub><doi>10.1017/S0022216X17000402</doi><tpages>32</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record>
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source PAIS Index; Worldwide Political Science Abstracts; Sociological Abstracts; JSTOR Archive Collection A-Z Listing; Cambridge University Press Journals Complete
subjects Alliances
Central government
Citizens
Civil society
Cultural identity
Curricula
Dictators
Education policy
Education reform
Identity
Ideology
Intellectuals
Multiculturalism & pluralism
Nation building
National curriculum
National identity
Nationalism
Pedagogy
Politics
Professional identity
Public officials
Radicalism
School districts
State formation
Teachers
Textbooks
title Transforming the Nation? The Bolivarian Education Reform in Venezuela
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