Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) feeding over deep water in the high Arctic
The Atlantic cod ( Gadus morhua ) is a highly adaptive demersal, boreal species with a broad distribution on the continental shelves on both sides of the North Atlantic. However, whether the species also uses adjoining deeper water basins as feeding grounds or migration corridors remain unknown. In...
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description | The Atlantic cod (
Gadus morhua
) is a highly adaptive demersal, boreal species with a broad distribution on the continental shelves on both sides of the North Atlantic. However, whether the species also uses adjoining deeper water basins as feeding grounds or migration corridors remain unknown. In this study, we aimed to describe the vertical and horizontal distributions of Atlantic cod observed feeding over the northern Fram Strait, between Greenland and Svalbard, and relate this to the prey field and environmental conditions. During surveys in 2014 and 2015, we combined biological sampling of cod, caught in ten pelagic trawls, with environmental data and acoustic registrations. The findings reveal that cod leave the continental-shelf waters and migrate westwards into the deeper water (>2800 m) of Fram Strait, as they feed on a mesopelagic layer of krill, amphipods, and small fishes. We suggest that leaving the shelf waters to feed over deeper water is a mechanism for the cod to avoid competition for food on their normal feeding grounds over the shelf, or it may demonstrate the phenomenon of a high-risk taker exceeding the limits of its natural demersal environment. The observed migration behavior may be widespread or else linked to ecological features involving physical factors or competition for food, possibly in combination with a large stock of cod. Thus, although the permanent distributions of Atlantic cod are constrained by depth, migration across deeper straits or basins must be considered. |
doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s00300-017-2115-2 |
format | Article |
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Gadus morhua
) is a highly adaptive demersal, boreal species with a broad distribution on the continental shelves on both sides of the North Atlantic. However, whether the species also uses adjoining deeper water basins as feeding grounds or migration corridors remain unknown. In this study, we aimed to describe the vertical and horizontal distributions of Atlantic cod observed feeding over the northern Fram Strait, between Greenland and Svalbard, and relate this to the prey field and environmental conditions. During surveys in 2014 and 2015, we combined biological sampling of cod, caught in ten pelagic trawls, with environmental data and acoustic registrations. The findings reveal that cod leave the continental-shelf waters and migrate westwards into the deeper water (>2800 m) of Fram Strait, as they feed on a mesopelagic layer of krill, amphipods, and small fishes. We suggest that leaving the shelf waters to feed over deeper water is a mechanism for the cod to avoid competition for food on their normal feeding grounds over the shelf, or it may demonstrate the phenomenon of a high-risk taker exceeding the limits of its natural demersal environment. The observed migration behavior may be widespread or else linked to ecological features involving physical factors or competition for food, possibly in combination with a large stock of cod. Thus, although the permanent distributions of Atlantic cod are constrained by depth, migration across deeper straits or basins must be considered.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0722-4060</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1432-2056</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s00300-017-2115-2</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg</publisher><subject>Acoustic surveying ; Aquatic crustaceans ; Basins ; Biological competition ; Biological sampling ; Biomedical and Life Sciences ; Competition ; Continental shelves ; Corridors ; Deep water ; Ecological risk assessment ; Ecology ; Environmental conditions ; Feeding ; Feeds ; Fish ; Fishes ; Food ; Foods ; Gadus morhua ; Krill ; Life Sciences ; Marine crustaceans ; Marine fishes ; Microbiology ; Migrations ; Oceanography ; Physical factors ; Plant Sciences ; Prey ; Short Note ; Straits ; Surveys ; Trawling ; Trawlnets ; Trawls ; Zoology</subject><ispartof>Polar biology, 2017-10, Vol.40 (10), p.2105-2111</ispartof><rights>The Author(s) 2017</rights><rights>COPYRIGHT 2017 Springer</rights><rights>Polar Biology is a copyright of Springer, 2017.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c398t-16093f51d7e13a77bf131a84f7d21581dcaeb1b1bfa89eab838314f7f0d250e23</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c398t-16093f51d7e13a77bf131a84f7d21581dcaeb1b1bfa89eab838314f7f0d250e23</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00300-017-2115-2$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00300-017-2115-2$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925,41488,42557,51319</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Ingvaldsen, Randi B.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gjøsæter, Harald</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ona, Egil</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Michalsen, Kathrine</creatorcontrib><title>Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) feeding over deep water in the high Arctic</title><title>Polar biology</title><addtitle>Polar Biol</addtitle><description>The Atlantic cod (
Gadus morhua
) is a highly adaptive demersal, boreal species with a broad distribution on the continental shelves on both sides of the North Atlantic. However, whether the species also uses adjoining deeper water basins as feeding grounds or migration corridors remain unknown. In this study, we aimed to describe the vertical and horizontal distributions of Atlantic cod observed feeding over the northern Fram Strait, between Greenland and Svalbard, and relate this to the prey field and environmental conditions. During surveys in 2014 and 2015, we combined biological sampling of cod, caught in ten pelagic trawls, with environmental data and acoustic registrations. The findings reveal that cod leave the continental-shelf waters and migrate westwards into the deeper water (>2800 m) of Fram Strait, as they feed on a mesopelagic layer of krill, amphipods, and small fishes. We suggest that leaving the shelf waters to feed over deeper water is a mechanism for the cod to avoid competition for food on their normal feeding grounds over the shelf, or it may demonstrate the phenomenon of a high-risk taker exceeding the limits of its natural demersal environment. The observed migration behavior may be widespread or else linked to ecological features involving physical factors or competition for food, possibly in combination with a large stock of cod. Thus, although the permanent distributions of Atlantic cod are constrained by depth, migration across deeper straits or basins must be considered.</description><subject>Acoustic surveying</subject><subject>Aquatic crustaceans</subject><subject>Basins</subject><subject>Biological competition</subject><subject>Biological sampling</subject><subject>Biomedical and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Competition</subject><subject>Continental shelves</subject><subject>Corridors</subject><subject>Deep water</subject><subject>Ecological risk assessment</subject><subject>Ecology</subject><subject>Environmental conditions</subject><subject>Feeding</subject><subject>Feeds</subject><subject>Fish</subject><subject>Fishes</subject><subject>Food</subject><subject>Foods</subject><subject>Gadus morhua</subject><subject>Krill</subject><subject>Life Sciences</subject><subject>Marine crustaceans</subject><subject>Marine fishes</subject><subject>Microbiology</subject><subject>Migrations</subject><subject>Oceanography</subject><subject>Physical factors</subject><subject>Plant Sciences</subject><subject>Prey</subject><subject>Short Note</subject><subject>Straits</subject><subject>Surveys</subject><subject>Trawling</subject><subject>Trawlnets</subject><subject>Trawls</subject><subject>Zoology</subject><issn>0722-4060</issn><issn>1432-2056</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2017</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>C6C</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><recordid>eNp1kMFOwzAMhiMEEmPwANwicYFDh520TXucJjaQJnGBc5Q1Tttpa0fSgXh7MpUDF-SDLfv_bOtn7BZhhgDqMQBIgARQJQIxS8QZm2AqRSIgy8_ZBJQQSQo5XLKrELYQhXlaTthyPuxMN7QVr3rL71fGHgPf9745mgfuiGzb1bz_JM8t0YF_mSGWbceHhnjT1g2f-yrS1-zCmV2gm988Ze_Lp7fFc7J-Xb0s5uukkmUxJJhDKV2GVhFKo9TGoURTpE5ZgVmBtjK0wRjOFCWZTSELiXHqwIoMSMgpuxv3Hnz_caQw6G1_9F08qbFMJchcpCqqZqOqNjvSbef6wZsqhqV9W_UduTb25wqzLIVCnAAcgcr3IXhy-uDbvfHfGkGf_NWjvzrapk_-6tMrYmRC1HY1-T-v_Av9AMCaeuk</recordid><startdate>20171001</startdate><enddate>20171001</enddate><creator>Ingvaldsen, Randi B.</creator><creator>Gjøsæter, Harald</creator><creator>Ona, Egil</creator><creator>Michalsen, Kathrine</creator><general>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</general><general>Springer</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>C6C</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7T7</scope><scope>7TN</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>88A</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>F1W</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>H95</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>L.G</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20171001</creationdate><title>Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) feeding over deep water in the high Arctic</title><author>Ingvaldsen, Randi B. ; Gjøsæter, Harald ; Ona, Egil ; Michalsen, Kathrine</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c398t-16093f51d7e13a77bf131a84f7d21581dcaeb1b1bfa89eab838314f7f0d250e23</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2017</creationdate><topic>Acoustic surveying</topic><topic>Aquatic crustaceans</topic><topic>Basins</topic><topic>Biological competition</topic><topic>Biological sampling</topic><topic>Biomedical and Life Sciences</topic><topic>Competition</topic><topic>Continental shelves</topic><topic>Corridors</topic><topic>Deep water</topic><topic>Ecological risk assessment</topic><topic>Ecology</topic><topic>Environmental conditions</topic><topic>Feeding</topic><topic>Feeds</topic><topic>Fish</topic><topic>Fishes</topic><topic>Food</topic><topic>Foods</topic><topic>Gadus morhua</topic><topic>Krill</topic><topic>Life Sciences</topic><topic>Marine crustaceans</topic><topic>Marine fishes</topic><topic>Microbiology</topic><topic>Migrations</topic><topic>Oceanography</topic><topic>Physical factors</topic><topic>Plant Sciences</topic><topic>Prey</topic><topic>Short Note</topic><topic>Straits</topic><topic>Surveys</topic><topic>Trawling</topic><topic>Trawlnets</topic><topic>Trawls</topic><topic>Zoology</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Ingvaldsen, Randi B.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gjøsæter, Harald</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ona, Egil</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Michalsen, Kathrine</creatorcontrib><collection>Springer Nature OA Free Journals</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Animal Behavior Abstracts</collection><collection>Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)</collection><collection>Ecology Abstracts</collection><collection>Entomology Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Industrial and Applied Microbiology Abstracts (Microbiology A)</collection><collection>Oceanic Abstracts</collection><collection>Virology and AIDS Abstracts</collection><collection>Biology Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 1: Biological Sciences & Living Resources</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) Professional</collection><collection>ProQuest Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C)</collection><collection>Biological Science Database</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><jtitle>Polar biology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Ingvaldsen, Randi B.</au><au>Gjøsæter, Harald</au><au>Ona, Egil</au><au>Michalsen, Kathrine</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) feeding over deep water in the high Arctic</atitle><jtitle>Polar biology</jtitle><stitle>Polar Biol</stitle><date>2017-10-01</date><risdate>2017</risdate><volume>40</volume><issue>10</issue><spage>2105</spage><epage>2111</epage><pages>2105-2111</pages><issn>0722-4060</issn><eissn>1432-2056</eissn><abstract>The Atlantic cod (
Gadus morhua
) is a highly adaptive demersal, boreal species with a broad distribution on the continental shelves on both sides of the North Atlantic. However, whether the species also uses adjoining deeper water basins as feeding grounds or migration corridors remain unknown. In this study, we aimed to describe the vertical and horizontal distributions of Atlantic cod observed feeding over the northern Fram Strait, between Greenland and Svalbard, and relate this to the prey field and environmental conditions. During surveys in 2014 and 2015, we combined biological sampling of cod, caught in ten pelagic trawls, with environmental data and acoustic registrations. The findings reveal that cod leave the continental-shelf waters and migrate westwards into the deeper water (>2800 m) of Fram Strait, as they feed on a mesopelagic layer of krill, amphipods, and small fishes. We suggest that leaving the shelf waters to feed over deeper water is a mechanism for the cod to avoid competition for food on their normal feeding grounds over the shelf, or it may demonstrate the phenomenon of a high-risk taker exceeding the limits of its natural demersal environment. The observed migration behavior may be widespread or else linked to ecological features involving physical factors or competition for food, possibly in combination with a large stock of cod. Thus, although the permanent distributions of Atlantic cod are constrained by depth, migration across deeper straits or basins must be considered.</abstract><cop>Berlin/Heidelberg</cop><pub>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</pub><doi>10.1007/s00300-017-2115-2</doi><tpages>7</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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subjects | Acoustic surveying Aquatic crustaceans Basins Biological competition Biological sampling Biomedical and Life Sciences Competition Continental shelves Corridors Deep water Ecological risk assessment Ecology Environmental conditions Feeding Feeds Fish Fishes Food Foods Gadus morhua Krill Life Sciences Marine crustaceans Marine fishes Microbiology Migrations Oceanography Physical factors Plant Sciences Prey Short Note Straits Surveys Trawling Trawlnets Trawls Zoology |
title | Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) feeding over deep water in the high Arctic |
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